专项练习：2021年考研英语基础模拟题（三十三）

发布时间：2020-10-25

英语是考研初试当中比较拉分的科目，历来令不少考生又爱又恨。许多考生的英语都有很大的进步空间，因此英语该如何学就成为了众多考生关心的重点。想要学好英语，实战经验很重要。下面，51题库考试学习网为大家带来考研初试英语科目的一些模拟试题，正在备考的小伙伴赶紧练起来吧。

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)

Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton\'s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.

(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however,that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail.Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.

This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection,perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.

That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.

The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.

(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word-order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky\'s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenber-gian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.

参考答案：

46.物理学领域，一种做法把这种寻求大同理论的冲动推向极端，试图寻找包含一切的理论——一个涵括我们所看到的一切的成性公式。

47.这里，达尔文学说似乎做出了证明，因为如果人类有着共同的起源，那么似乎就有理由认为文化的多样性也可以追溯到更为有限的起源。

48.从共有特征中滤出独有特征，这使我们得以理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，并从进化或认知的角度理解什么引导了它的走向。

49.第二次努力——由乔舒亚·格林堡做出——采用更为经验主义的方法来研究语言的普遍性，确定了多种语言(尤其在语法词序方面)的共有特征，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制产生的倾向性。

50.乔姆斯基的语法应该显示出语言变化的模式，这些模式并不受语言谱系路径的影响;而格林堡式的普遍性则预言了特定的语法词序关系类型之间所存在的紧密互依性。

以上就是51题库考试学习网为大家带来的全部内容，希望能给大家一些帮助。51题库考试学习网提醒：在最后阶段，调整自己的心态也是非常重要的，每年都有考生临考前放弃，所以小伙伴们要注意不要给自己太大的压力哦。另外，小伙伴们如果还有其他关于考研信息的疑问，也可以留言咨询哦。

下面小编为大家准备了 研究生入学 的相关考题，供大家学习参考。

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