最后冲刺：2021年考研英语阅读模拟题（九）

发布时间：2020-10-22

目前，2021年考研初试备考时间已不足三个月，不知各位小伙伴复习的如何了？在最后阶段，我们最需要做的是了解考试，而试题练习无疑是非常不错的方法。为了帮助大家备考，51题库考试学习网在下面为大家带来考研初试的一些模拟试题，一起练起来吧。

Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values.In all cultures，parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the community‘s moral precepts.Adults also condition each other’s observance of social norms，using methods ranging form mild forms of censure，such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark，to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous.The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment.Faced with increasing violence at home，many Americans endorsed Singapore‘s use of corporal punishment to maintain social order.Was Fay’s punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown，but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore—which he left promptly.

The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them.The Gusii of Kenya，with a history of tribal warfare，face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces，including wild animals.Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children.Caning，food deprivation，and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.

In contrast，the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca，Mexico，are a highly cohesive community，with little internal conflict，and social norms that encourage cooperation.Their social patterns appear adaptive，for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans，who control the official government and many economic resources in their region.The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children.Rather，they tend to rely on soothing persuasion.Social ostracism is the most feared punishment，and social ties within the community are very strong，so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.

In the United States，fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior，especially in small communities.Today，even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime，especially violent crime.Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment，another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had，so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.

1.The best title of this passage would be____.

[A] Crime and Punishment

[B] Reward and Punishment

[C] Social Order

2.According to the passage，what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?

[A] Children must be obedient to their parents.

[B] People must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.

[C] People should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.

[D] People should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.

3.What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?

[A] Many Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.

[B] The American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.

[C] The caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.

[D] Michael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.

4.What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?

[A] To stop giving them pocket money.

[B] To persuade them in a gentle way.

[C] To verbally humiliate them.

[D] To threaten to expel them from the home.

5.The word“stigma”(in fourth paragraph)most probably means____.

[A] irony

[B] verbal

[C] persuasion

[D] bad reputation

以上就是51题库考试学习网为大家带来的全部内容，希望能给大家一些帮助。51题库考试学习网提醒：目前2021年考研大纲已经公布，小伙伴们在复习时要注意以大纲为准哦。另外，小伙伴们如果还有其他关于考研信息的疑问，也可以留言咨询哦。

下面小编为大家准备了 研究生入学 的相关考题，供大家学习参考。
男性，16岁。3周前扭伤右膝，初隐痛，间歇性，后很快转为持续性痛，夜间重。查体：右膝上内侧肿，皮肤发亮，有静脉怒张，皮温高，有压痛。X线片示股骨干骺端破坏及“日光射线”样成骨。

目前最适合的治疗是( )
A.联合应用大剂量广谱抗生素静脉点滴
B.抗结核治疗
C.根治性肿瘤切除加术前后化疗
D.肿瘤刮除植骨术
答案：C
解析：
青少年患者，有膝扭伤史，膝痛迅速加重，夜间痛重，检查局部肿胀，皮肤发亮，有压痛、皮温高、浅静脉怒张，说明血运丰富。X线片示干骺端骨破坏和“日光射线”样成骨，为典型骨肉瘤的临床表现；另外有的病人还可见到三角形骨膜反应(Codman三角)，骨破坏可以是溶骨性、成骨性或混合性。骨肉瘤的治疗目前采用综合治疗，G2 T1-2 Mo者术前大剂量化疗，然后行根治性切除术，根据患者具体情况保肢或截肢，术后继续大剂量化疗。有肺转移属G2 T1-2 Mi者可行转移灶切除术。由于早期诊断和化疗的迅速发展，5年存活率已提高到50%以上。
女性，25岁，午后低热5天，体温37. 5℃。伴干咳、右胸不适、盗汗、乏力。化验血白细胞4.1X109/L，中性粒细胞60%。拍胸片提示右胸腔中等量积液。以下哪项检査最有价值

A.胸部CT
B.血沉及PPD试验
C.胸腔穿刺
D.痰找结核菌
答案：C
解析：
[考点]胸水病因的诊断

[分析]胸片示右侧胸腔中等量积液，患者午后有低热、盗汗、乏力、结核中毒症状，加之有干咳和右胸不适，所以临床考虑结核的可能性大。此时抽胸水可供鉴别，并且与其他各项相比意义更大。
形式训练说

答案：
解析：
形式训练说：形式训练说源于德国心理学家沃尔夫所提出的官能心理学，把迁移看成是官能通过训练而得到改善来实现的。形式训练说是最早的一种学习迁移理论，至今在欧美盛行了约200年。它是以官能心理学为依据，认为人的各种活动都由相应的官能所主宰，各种官能分别从事不同的活动，例如，利用记忆官能进行回忆活动，利用思维官能从事思维活动。官能即注意、知觉、记忆、思维、想象等一般的心理能力。
核心课程即主要谍程。

答案：错
解析：

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