ACCA对于会计职业生涯有帮助吗？

正确答案：
(b) Kohlberg’s levels of moral development
Description of levels
Kohlberg described human moral development in terms of three consecutive levels.
Preconventional moral responses view morality in terms of rewards, punishments and whether or not the act will be
penalised, found out or rewarded.
Conventional moral responses view morality in terms of compliance with the agreed legal and regulatory frameworks relevant
at the time and place in which the decision is taking place.
Postconventional responses go beyond the other two and frame. morality in terms of the effects of the action on oneself and
others, on how it will affect one’s own moral approach and how it will accord with wider systems of ethics and social norms.
Three people in the case
The three people mentioned in the case exhibit different levels of moral development.
Gary Howells is demonstrating the preconventional in that he sees the decision to disclose or not in terms of whether WM
can get away with it. He was inclined to conceal the information because of the potential impact on the company’s share
price on the stock market. His suggestion was underpinned by his belief that the concealment of the incorrect valuation would
not be ‘found out’.
Vanda Monroe demonstrates conventional behaviour, reminding the WM board of its legal and regulatory obligations under
the rules of its stock market listing. In particular, she reminded the board about the importance of the company’s compliance
with corporate governance and ethics codes by the stock market. To fail to disclose would, in Vanda’s view, be a breach of
those stock market expectations. Rather than rewards and punishments, Vanda was more concerned with compliance with
rules and regulations.
Martin Chan is demonstrating postconventional morality by referring to consistency of treatment and the notion of ‘do as you
would be done by’. He said that he wouldn’t want to be deceived if he were an outside investor in the company. His response
was underpinned neither by rewards or punishments, nor by compliance with regulations, but rather than a persuasion that
moral behaviour is about doing what one believes to be right, regardless of any other factors.

正确答案：
(a) To: Paul Simpson – HR Manager
From:
Human Resource Planning and Global Imaging’s future growth
I will use this report to highlight the main phases in HR (human resource) planning and then deal with the specific HR
activities, which will be needed to support the achievement of the growth strategy.
There are four major stages in creating a human resource plan. Firstly, auditing the current HR resources in Global Imaging,
as a relatively young company one could anticipate it having a relatively young labour force many of whom will be
professionally qualified. Secondly, the planned growth will require a forecast of both the number and type of people who will
be needed to implement the strategy. Thirdly, planning will be needed on how to meet the needs identified in the forecast –
how do we fill the gap in between the human reources we currently have and those needed to fulfil the plan? Finally, there
will be the need to control those resources in terms of measuring performance against the goals set.
The key activities to achieve the growth goals will be:
Recruitment, selection and staffing – here the key issues will be to recruit the necessary additional staff and mix of suitably
qualified workers. The growth of the company will create management succession issues including the two managing
directors, who are looking to exit the business in the foreseeable future. The rate of growth will also make it necessary to
manage significant internal transfers of people in the company as new positions and promotion opportunities are created.
Compensation and benefits – the start up phase of a company’s life is often a stage where a formal reward structure has not
been created. It also may be necessary to meet or exceed the labour market rates in order to attract the necessary talent. As
the firm grows there will be a need to ensure that the firm is competitive in terms of the rewards offered, but there is an
increasing need to ensure equity between newcomers and staff already employed in the firm. These pressures will normally
lead to the creation of a formal compensation structure.
Employee training and development – here there is a need to create an effective management team through management
development and organisational development.

Political
Global stability
Free trade
No wars
Economic
Growth
High disposable incomes
Stable fuel prices
Low inflation
No tax increases
AIRTITE
Social
More travel
Pensioners living longer
– travelling more
More working abroad
More second homes
Technological
Engines more efficent
Larger aircraft
Less pollution
Environmental
No global emission policy
No global warming threat
Legal
Free trade
No emission controls
No wars
Labour employee relations – here there is a need to establish harmonious labour relations and employee motivation and
morale.
Overall, the HR implications of the proposed growth strategy are profound and there is a significant danger that failure to linkstrategy and the consequent HR needs will act as a major constraint on achieving the strategy.
Yours,

正确答案：

(a) Deferred taxation

A deferred tax asset should be recognised for deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits to the extent that it is probable that taxable profi t will be available against which the deductible temporary differences can be utilised. The recognition of deferred tax assets on losses carried forward does not seem to be in accordance with IAS 12 Income Taxes. Cate is not able to provide convincing evidence that suffi cient taxable profi ts will be generated against which the unused tax losses can be offset. According to IAS 12 the existence of unused tax losses is strong evidence that future taxable profi t may not be available against which to offset the losses. Therefore when an entity has a history of recent losses, the entity recognises deferred tax assets arising from unused tax losses only to the extent that the entity has suffi cient taxable temporary differences or there is convincing other evidence that suffi cient taxable profi t will be available. As Cate has a history of recent losses and as it does not have suffi cient taxable temporary differences, Cate needs to provide convincing other evidence that suffi cient taxable profi t would be available against which the unused tax losses could be offset. The unused tax losses in question did not result from identifi able causes, which were unlikely to recur (IAS 12) as the losses are due to ordinary business activities. Additionally there are no tax planning opportunities available to Cate that would create taxable profi t in the period in which the unused tax losses could be offset (IAS 12).

Thus at 31 May 2010 it is unlikely that the entity would generate taxable profi ts before the unused tax losses expired. The improved performance in 2010 would not be indicative of future good performance as Cate would have suffered a net loss before tax had it not been for the non-operating gains.

Cate’s anticipation of improved future trading could not alone be regarded as meeting the requirement for strong evidence of future profi ts. When assessing the use of carry-forward tax losses, weight should be given to revenues from existing orders or confi rmed contracts rather than those that are merely expected from improved trading. Estimates of future taxable profi ts can rarely be objectively verifi ed. Thus the recognition of deferred tax assets on losses carried forward is not in accordance with IAS 12 as Cate is not able to provide convincing evidence that suffi cient taxable profi ts would be generated against which the unused tax losses could be offset.

(b) Investment

Cate’s position for an investment where the investor has signifi cant infl uence and its method of calculating fair value can be challenged.

An asset’s recoverable amount represents its greatest value to the business in terms of its cash fl ows that it can generate i.e. the higher of fair value less costs to sell (which is what the asset can be sold for less direct selling expenses) and value in use (the cash fl ows that are expected to be generated from its continued use including those from its ultimate disposal). The asset’s recoverable amount is compared with its carrying value to indicate any impairment. Both net selling price (NSP) and value in use can be diffi cult to determine. However it is not always necessary to calculate both measures, as if the NSP or value in use is greater than the carrying amount, there is no need to estimate the other amount.

It should be possible in this case to calculate a fi gure for the recoverable amount. Cate’s view that market price cannot refl ect the fair value of signifi cant holdings of equity such as an investment in an associate is incorrect as IAS 36 prescribes the method of conducting the impairment test in such circumstances by stating that if there is no binding sale agreement but an asset is traded in an active market, fair value less costs to sell is the asset’s market price less the costs of disposal. Further, the appropriate market price is usually the current bid price.

Additionally the compliance with IAS 28, Investments in associates is in doubt in terms of the non-applicability of value in use when considering impairment. IAS 28 explains that in determining the value in use of the investments, an entity estimates:

(i) its share of the present value of the estimated future cash fl ows expected to be generated by the associate, including the cash fl ows from the operations of the associate and the proceeds on the ultimate disposal of the investment; or
(ii) the present value of the estimated future cash fl ows expected to arise from dividends to be received from the investment and from its ultimate disposal.

Estimates of future cash fl ows should be produced. These cash fl ows are then discounted to present value hence giving value in use.

It seems as though Cate wishes to avoid an impairment charge on the investment.

(c) Disposal group ‘held for sale’

IAS 27 Revised Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements moved IFRS to the use of the economic entity model. The economic entity approach treats all providers of equity capital as shareholders of the entity, even when they are not shareholders in the parent company. IFRS 5 has been amended such that if there is an intention to dispose of a controlling interest in a subsidiary which meets the defi nition of ‘held for sale’, then the net assets are classifi ed as ‘held for sale’, irrespective of whether the parent was expected to retain an interest after the disposal. A partial disposal of an interest in a subsidiary in which the parent company loses control but retains an interest as an associate or trade investment creates the recognition of a gain or loss on the entire interest. A gain or loss is recognised on the part that has been disposed of and a further holding gain or loss is recognised on the interest retained, being the difference between the fair value of the interest and the book value of the interest. The gains are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income. Any prior gains or loss recognised in other components of equity would now become realised in the statement of comprehensive income.

In this case, Cate should stop consolidating Date on a line-by-line basis from the date that control was lost. Further investigation is required into whether the holding is treated as an associate or trade investment. The agreement that Cate is no longer represented on the board or able to participate in management would suggest loss of signifi cant infl uence despite the 35% of voting rights retained. The retained interest would be recognised at fair value.

An entity classifi es a disposal group as held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered mainly through selling the asset rather than through usage and intends to dispose of it in a single transaction.

The conditions for a non-current asset or disposal group to be classifi ed as held for sale are as follows:

(i) The assets must be available for immediate sale in their present condition and its sale must be highly probable.
(ii) The asset must be currently marketed actively at a price that is reasonable in relational to its current fair value.
(iii) The sale should be completed or expected to be so, within a year from the date of the classifi cation.
(iv) The actions required to complete the planned sale will have been made and it is unlikely that the plan will be signifi cantly changed or withdrawn.
(v) management is committed to a plan to sell.

Cate has not met all of the conditions of IFRS 5 but it could be argued that the best presentation in the fi nancial statements was that set out in IFRS 5 for the following reasons.

The issue of dilution is not addressed by IFRS and the decision not to subscribe to the issue of new shares of Date is clearly a change in the strategy of Cate. Further, by deciding not to subscribe to the issue of new shares of Date, Cate agreed to the dilution and the loss of control which could be argued is similar to a decision to sell shares while retaining a continuing interest in the entity. Also Date represents a separate line of business, which is a determining factor in IFRS 5, and information disclosed on IFRS 5 principles highlights the impact of Date on Cate’s fi nancial statements. Finally, the agreement between Date’s shareholders confi rms that Cate has lost control over its former subsidiary.

Therefore, in the absence of a specifi c Standard or Interpretation applying to this situation, IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors states that management should use its judgment and refer to other IFRS and the Framework.

Thus considering the requirements of IAS 27 (Para 32–37) and the above discussion, it could be concluded that the presentation based on IFRS 5 principles selected by the issuer was consistent with the accounting treatment required by IAS 27 when a parent company loses control of a subsidiary.

(d) Defi ned benefi t plan

The Plan is not a defi ned contribution plan because Cate has a legal or constructive obligation to pay further contributions if the fund does not have suffi cient assets to pay all employee benefi ts relating to employee service in the current and prior periods (IAS 19 Para 7). All other post-employment benefi t plans that do not qualify as a defi ned contribution plan are, by defi nition therefore defi ned benefi t plans. Defi ned benefi t plans may be unfunded, or they may be wholly or partly funded. Also IAS 19 (Para 26) indicates that Cate’s plan is a defi ned benefi t plan as IAS 19 provides examples where an entity’s obligation is not limited to the amount that it agrees to contribute to the fund. These examples include: (a) a plan benefi t formula that is not linked solely to the amount of contributions (which is the case in this instance); and (b) those informal practices that give rise to a constructive obligation. According to the terms of the Plan, if Cate opts to terminate, Cate is responsible for discharging the liability created by the plan. IAS 19 (Para 52) says that an entity should account not only for its legal obligation under the formal terms of a defi ned benefi t plan, but also for any constructive obligation that arises from the enterprise’s informal practices. Informal practices give rise to a constructive obligation where the enterprise has no realistic alternative but to pay employee benefi ts. Even if the Plan were not considered to be a defi ned benefi t plan under IAS 19, Cate would have a constructive obligation to provide the benefi t, having a history of paying benefi ts. The practice has created a valid expectation on the part of employees that the amounts will be paid in the future. Therefore Cate should account for the Plan as a defi ned benefi t plan in accordance with IAS 19. Cate has to recognise, at a minimum, its net present liability for the benefi ts to be paid under the Plan.

正确答案：D
630,000 – 4,320 – 440