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职称英语(理工) 问题列表
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Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate（亲密的）partner during their lifetimes,according to one of the few studies to look______(51)domestic violence and health among men."Many men actually do experience domestic violence,although we don't hear about it ______(52),"Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle,one of the authors,told Reuters Health."They often don't tell______(53)we don't ask. We want to message out（传达这样一个信息）to men who______(54)experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to______(55)."The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse（伤害）and non-physical ______(56)such as threats that made them______(57)for their safety,controlling behavior (for example,being told who they could associate with and where they could go),and constant name-calling（辱骂）.Among men 1 8 to 54 years old,14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner______(58)in the past five years,while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and______(59),with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall,30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of______(60)violence at some point in their lives.About half of the violence men______(61)was physical.However,the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as______(62)suffered by women in a previous study;20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe,compare to 61 percent of______(63).Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental problems ______(64)those who had not,especially older men,the______(65)found._________(52)A:never B:oftenC:ever D:now
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第二篇The Barbie DollsIn the mid l940's,the young ambitious duo Ruth and Elliot Handler,owned a company that made wooden picture frames.It was in 1945 that Ruth and Elliot Handler joined with their close friend Harold Mattson to form a company that would be known for the most famous and successful doll ever created.This company would be named Mattel,MATT for Mattson,and EL for Elliot.In the mid 1950s,while visiting Switzerland,Ruth Handler purchased a German Lilli doll.Lilli was a shapely,pretty fashion doll first made in 1955.She was originally fashioned after a famous cartoon character in the West German Newsletter,Build.Lilli is the doll that would inspire Ruth Handler to design the Barbie doll. With the help of her technicians and engineers at Mattel,Barbie was born.Ruth then hired Charlotte Johnson,a fashion designer,to create Barbies wardrobe.It was in 1958 that the patent for Barbie was obtained.This would be a fashion doll unlike any of her time.She would be long limbed,shapely,beautiful,and only 11.5 inches tall. Ruth and Elliot would name their new fashion doll after their own daughter, Barbie.In 1959,the Barbie doll would make her way to the New York Toy Show and receive a cool reception from the toy buyers.Barbie has undergone a lot of changes over the years and has managed to keep up with current trends in hairstyles,make-up and clothing. She is a reflection of the history of fashion since her introduction to the toy market.Barbie has a universal appeal and collectors.Both young and old enjoy time spent and memories made with their dolls.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that Lilli was fashioned after______.A:Build B:a German dollC:a pretty girl D:a shapely woman
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Mad Scientist Stereotype OutdatedDo people still imagine a physicist as a bearded man in glasses or has the image of the mad scientist changed?The Institute of Physics set out to find out whether the stereotype of a physics boffin （科学家）still exists by conducting a survey on shoppers in London. The people were asked to identify the physicist from a photograph of a line-up of possible suspects.98 percent of those asked got it wrong. The majority of people picked a white male of around 60,wearing glasses and with a white beard.While this stereotype may have been the image of all average physicist fifty years ago,the reality is now very different. Since 1960 the number of young women entering physics has doubled and the average age of a physicist is now 31.The stereotype of the absent-minded scientist has lasted a long time because the media and Hollywood help promote the image of men in white lab coats with glasses sitting by blackboards full of equations（等式）or working with fizzing（嘶嘶响）test tubes. These stereotypes are really damaging to society.Very good school children are put off studying science because they don't see people like themselves on television or in magazines doing science.They simply don't relate to the media's image of the mad scientist.This is one reason why fewer young people are choosing to do science at university. If we want to encourage more young people to study science subjects,we need to change this image of the scientist and make science careers more attractive. But we must also develop children's interest in science.In an attempt to change this negative image,an increasing number of science festivals are being organized.Thousands of people from secondary schools are also encouraged to take part in the international science competitions of which the most popular are the national science Olympiads.Winning national teams then get the opportunity to take part in the International Science Olympiads which are held in a different country every year. These events are all interesting for the young people who take part but they only involve a small proportion of students who are already interested in science.It seems that there is a long way to go before science becomes attractive as subjects like computer studies or fashion and design.More children will study science if it becomes more attractive.A:Right B:WrongC:Not mentioned
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Artificial SpeechBecause speech is the most convenient form of communication,in the future we want essentially natural conversations with computers.The primary point of contact will be a simple device that will act as our window into the world. It will have to be small enough to slip into our pocket,so there will be a screen but no keyboard:you will simply talk to it. The device will be permanently connected to the Internet and will keep relevant information up to you as it comes in. Such devices will evolve naturally in the next five to ten years.Just how quickly people will adapt to a voice-based Internet world is uncertain.Many believe that,initially at least,we will need similar conventions for the voice to those we use at present on screen:click,back,forward,and so on.But soon you will undoubtedly be able to interact by voice with all those IT-based services you currently connect with over the Internet by means of a keyboard. This will help the Internet serve the entire population.Changes like this will encompass（围绕，包围）the whole world. Because English is the language of science,it will probably remain the language in which the technology is most advanced,but most speech-recognition techniques are transferable to other languages provided（假如）there is sufficient motivation to undertake the work.Of course,in any language there are still huge problems for us to solve.Carefully dictated, clear speech can now be understood by computers with only a 4-5 percent error rate,but even the most advanced technology still records 30-40 percent errors with spontaneous speech.Within ten years we will have computers that respond to goal-directed conversation,but for a computer to have a conversation that takes into account human social behaviors is probably 50 years off. We are not going to be chatting to the big screen in the living room just yet.In the past,insufficient speed and memory have held us back,but these days they are less of an issue.However,there are those in the IT community who believe that current techniques will eventually hit a brick wall. Personally, I believe that incremental（不断增长的）developments in performance are more likely. But it is true that by about 2040 or so,computer architectures will need to become highly parallel（并行的）if performance is to keep increasing. Perhaps that will inspire some radically new approaches to speech understanding that will replace the methods we are developing now. Within ten years,computers can make conversations which take human social behaviors into account.A:Right B:WrongC:Not mentioned
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Some Things We Know About LanguageMany things about language are a mystery,and many will always remain so.But some things we do know.First , we know that all human beings have a language of some sort.There is no race（种族）of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language,no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another.Furthermore,in historical times,there has never been a race of men without a language. Second,there is no such thing as a primitive（原始的）language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped,who are,as we say,uncivilized,but the languages they speak are not primitive.In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing. This has not always been well understood;indeed,the direct contrary has often been stated.Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense.There are,or were, hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate.That is,each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language. Finally,we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look backward in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language.Grammatical features change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly.Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A:A language is a means of expressing a particular culture.B:All languages can well express their respective cultures.C:American Indian languages are as complex as English.D:Some languages are better than others.
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Verity Allen's New Show on Colors1 Different colors can affect us in many different ways;that's according to Verity Allen.In her new se- ries'Color me Healthy',Verity looks at the ways that colors can influence how hard we work and thechoices we make.They can even change our emotions and even influence how healthy we arc.2 "Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colors for the same things?" says Verity."Ourtoothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red.It'g never green.Why not?For some reason we think that blue and white is clean,while we think of green products as being a bit disgusting. It's the same for businesses.We respect a company which writes its name in blue or black,but we don't respect one that uses pink or orange.People who design new products can use these ideas to influence what we buy."3 During this four-pait series,Verity studies eight different colors,two colors in each program.Shemeets people who work in all teipects of the color industry,from people who design food packets to people who name the colors of lipsticks.4 Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their ideas,such as the American"Color Doctor"who believes that serious diseases can be cured by,he use of colored lights. However,she also interviews real scientists who are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice,withsome surprising results.5 Overall,it's an interesting show,and anyone who watches it will probably find out something new.But because Verity goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she meets on the series,it's up to the viewers to make their own decisions about how much they should believe.People who_____________can use the ideas of colors to influence what we buy.A:little scientific knowledge B:make their own decisionsC:design new productsD:change our emotionsE:name the coioro of lipotick5F:all aspects of the color industry
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Save Energy At HomeOn the average,Americans waste as much energy as two-thirds of the world's population consumes.That's largely the_________(1)of driving inefficient cars,using inefficient appliances（设备）,and living and working in poorly insulated（隔热）buildings. Then what can you do to_________(2)the situation?Buy energy-efficient products一Buy new appliances or electronics of the highest energy-efficiency rating.New energy-efficient models may cost more initially,but have a lower operating ___________(3)over their lifetimes.The most energy-efficient models___________(4)the Energy Star label,which identifies products___________(5)use 20 -40 percent less energy than standard new products. According to the EPA（美国环境保护署）,the typical American household can save about $400 per year in___________(6)bills with products that carry the Energy Star.Switch to compact fluorescent bulbs（荧光灯）一Change the three bulbs you use ___________(7)in your house to compact fluorescents.Each compact fluorescent bulb will keep half a ton of CO2 out of the air___________(8)its lifetime.___________(9), compact fluorescent bulbs last ten times as long and can save $30 per year in electricity costs.Set heating and cooling temperatures correctly一Check thermostats（温度自动调节器）in your home to make sure they are___________(10)at a level that doesn't waste energy.Turn off the lights一Turn off lights and other electrical appliances such as televisions and radios when you're not___________(11)them.Install automatic timers for lights that people in your house frequently___________(12)to turn them off when leaving a room.Let the sun shine in一The cheapest and most energy-efficient light and heat source is often right outside your window. On___________(13) days, open blinds（百叶窗）to let the sun light your home for free.Also remember that___________(14)entering a room equals passive solar heating.Even on cold winter days,sun streaming into a room can raise the temperature by several___________(15)._________(4)A:carry B:bring C:take D:give
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Global WarmingFew people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists1the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase2the world's temperatures and are convinced that,more than3before,the Earth is at4from the forces of the wind,rain and sun.5to them,global warming is making extreme weather events,6as hurricanes and droughts,even more7and causing sea levels all around the world to8.Environmental groups are putting9on governments to take action to reduce the 10 of carbon dioxide which is given 11 by factories and power plants,thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in12of more money being spent on research into so-lar,wind and wave energy devices,which could then replace existing power13.Some scientists,14believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow,we would have to wait15hundred years to notice the results. Global warming,it seems,is here to stay.5._________A: Concerning B: Regarding C: Depending D: According
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Renewable Energy SourcesToday petroleum（石油）provides around 40% of the world's energy needs, mostly fuelling automobiles .Coal is still used,mostly in power stations,to cover one-quarter of our energy needs, but it is the least efficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel（矿物燃料）.Natural gas reserves could fill some of the gap from oil,but reserves of that will not last into the 22nd century either. Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years. Less-polluting renewable energy sources offer a more practical long-term energy solution. "Renewable"refers to the fact that these resources are not used faster than they can be replaced.Hydroelectric（水力发电的）power is now the most common form of renewable energy , supplying around 20% of world electricity.China's Three Gorges Dam is the largest ever. At five times the size of the U. S. 's Hoover Dam,its 26 turbines (涡轮机）will generate the equivalent energy of 18 coal-fired power stations. It will satisfy 3%of China's entire electricity demand.In 2003,the first commercial power station to use tidal（潮汐的）currents in the open sea opened in Norway. It is designed like windmill（风车）,but others take the form of turbines.As prices fall,wind power has become the fastest growing type of electricity generation-quadrupling（翻两番）worldwide between 1 999 and 2005 . Modern wind farms consist of turbines that generate electricity. Though it will be more expensive,there is more than enough wind to provide the world's entire energy needs.Wind farms come in onshore and offshore forms. They can often end up at spots of natural beauty,and are often unpopular with residents. And turbines are not totally harmless-they can interfere with radar,alter climate and kill sea birds.Scotland is building Europe's largest wind farm,which will power 200 ,000 homes. The U.K. 's goal is to generate one-fifth of power from renewable sources,mainly wind,by 2020 .But this may cause problems, because wind is unreliable. China's Three Gorges Dam______.A: is the first hydroelectric dam in the worldB: is of the same size as the U.S.'S Hoover DamC: can generate around 3%of world electricityD: is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world
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Migrant（移民的）WorkersIn the past twenty years,there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some countries have restricted（限制）most ___________(1)to local people,others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,___________(2)increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities（设施）.Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers___________(3)the U. S. A. and Europe.It has also brought in workers from many other countries,___________(4)South Korea andJapan.In view of the difficul州lying and working___________(5)in the Middle East,it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers.Many engineers and technicians can___________(6)at least twice as much money the Middle East as they can in theirown country, and this is a major ___________(7).Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating(补偿的) advantage.For example, the___________(8)living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to___________(9)on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way,many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the___________(10)of entertainment（娱乐）facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do___________(11)work in their home country.One major problem which___________(12)migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones.They are nearly always on___________(13),so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence.This is to be___________(14)since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents.In any___________ (15),migrant workers accept this disadvantage,along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive._________(15)A:time B:attempt C:way D:case
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Chinese Dialects（方言）The enormous differences in Chinese dialects have been a continuing problem ever since China became an empire in 221 B.C.,and it is one big reason why the country has remained impoverished （贫穷）.Of the 600 million people,all but a very small number speak Chinese. But the dialects vary so widely that the speech of Peking,for example,is as different from the speech of Canton as English is from German.There is,to be sure,only one written language for all China,but it bears no phonetic（语音的）relationship to any of the spoken dialects.Moreover,it has so many symbols that only a tiny portion of the population has ever mastered it.As a result,most Chinese have been isolated for centuries from a free flow of ideas and from the economic progress that such a flow produces.Many dynasties tried with little success to break down the wall. After recognizing the importance of having a literate people for working in a technological world and for developing an effective propaganda（宣传）machine,the present government is putting everything it has into tackling the language problem. But the obstacles are so formidable（难以应付的）that the results cannot yet be predicted.At the heart of the problem is the dialects.The dialects prevented the evolution of a single written language based on phonetics.Instead,the Chinese were forced to develop a system that has no relation to sound,and they have clung to it for more than 3,000 years.When this system is applied to a whole language,it results in an overwhelming number of symbols.There are about 50,000 entries in a Chinese dictionary not counting the compounds（复合词）. In order to be literate,a Chinese must learn 6,000;to be moderately educated,12,000.An English-speaking child,having to conquer only a twenty-six-letter alphabet,has usually learned to read by the time he begins the third grade.A Chinese child needs at least five more years of elementary learning;in the seventh grade,he can barely read a Chinese newspaper.Paragraph 5______A:Dealing with the Problem of Various DialectsB:Difficulties in Learning ChineseC:Features of Chinese DialectsD:Differences in Chinese DialectsE:Dialects as Heart of the ProblemF: Ways of the Government to Tackle the Problem
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This is not typical of English,but is a feature of the Chinese language.A:particular
B:characteristic
C:remarkable
D:idiomatic
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The only way to cure your toothache is to extract your bad tooth.A:take out
B:repair
C:push in
D:dig
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Giant StructuresIt is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modern world since every year more ________ (51)constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our admiration _______(52)they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.The Petronas TowersThe Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999.________(53)a height of 452 metres,the tall twin towers,like two thin pencils, dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41 st floor,the towers are_________(54)by a bridge,symboli- zing a gateway to the city.The American architect Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.Constructed of high- strength concrete,the building_______(55)around 1,800 square metres of office space on every floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base.Other_(56)of this impressive building include double-decker lifts,and glass and steel sunshades.The Millau BridgeThe Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tarn Valley,in southern France.Atthe ________ (57)it was built,it was the world'S highest bridge,_________(58)over 340m at the highest point.The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world.It was built to _________ ( 59 ) Millau ' s congestion（拥堵）problems. The bridge was built to withstand the ________(60)extreme seismic（地震的）and climatic conditions. Besides,it is guaranteed for 120 years!The Itaipu DamThe Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind inthe world. It_________(61)of a series of dams across the River Parana,_________(62)forms a naturalborder between Brazil and Paraguay.Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete,the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two________(63).The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size.In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay’s and 25% of Brazil’s_________（64）needs.In its construction,the amount of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers.It is a ________(65)amazing wonder of engineering._________(65)A:mainlyB:hardlyC:rarelyD:truly