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职称英语(卫生) 问题列表
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Free Statins with Fast Food could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of___1___so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food,researchers at Imperial College London ___2___in a new study.Statins reduce the___3___of unhealthy“LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person's heart attack___4___.In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology,Dr Darrel Francis and col-leagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is___5___to offset the increase in heart attack risk from___6___a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake.Dr Francis,from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London,who is the senior author of the study,said:“Statins don't cut out all of the ___7___effects of cheeseburgers and French fries. It's better to avoid fatty food altogether. But we've worked out that in terms of your___8___of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same___9___as a fast food meal increases it.”“It's ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets as they___10___，but statins,which are beneficial to heart health,have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing st- atins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are___ 11___free of charge. It would cost less than 5 pence per___12___—not much different to a sachet of sugar.”Dr Fran-cis said.When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking,they're encouraged to take___13___that lower their risk,like___14___a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters.Taking a statin is a rational way of___15___some of the risks of eating a fatty meal.9._________A: degreeB: dimensionC: angleD: range
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Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderfularticles in the market.A: batteries
B: bargains
C: baskets
D: barrels
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Friendly Relations with the People Around1 You depend on all the people closely around to give you the warm feeling of belongingness（归属）that you must have to feel secure. But, in fact, the members of all the groups to which you belong also depend on you to give that feeling to them.A person who shows that he wants everything for himself is bound（一定的）to be a lonely wolf.2 The need for companionship is closely related to the need for a sense of belongingness. How sad and lonely your life would be if you had no one to share your feelings and experiences.You may take it for granted that there will always be people around to talk to and to do things with you and for you.The important point,however,is that keeping emotionally healthy does not depend so much upon having people around you as upon your ability to establish relationships that are satisfying both to you and to them.3 Suppose you are in a crowd watching a football game.You don't know them.When the game is over,you will all go your separate ways.But just for a while you had a feeling of companionship,of sharing the feelings of others who were cheering for the team you wanted to win.4 An experience of this kind gives the clue（线索）to what companionship really is. It depends upon emotional ties of sympathy,understanding,trust,and affection.Companions become friends when these ties are formed.5 When you are thrown in a new circle of acquaintances（熟人）,you may not know with whom you will make friends,but you can be sure that you will be able to establish friendships if you show that you really like people. Paragraph 5_________A:Making friends with new acquaintancesB:Close link between companionship and belongingnessC:How to satisfy other people's needsD:An example of a satisfying relationshipE:Difficulties in establishing friendshipsF:What companionship really is
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第一篇Human Heart can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding（为时甚久的）mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues togenerate new cardiac（心脏的）cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.The finding,published in the April 3rd issue of Science,could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack,experts say."We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes（心肌细胞）,are renewed," said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen,a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm,Sweden."It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we were born with or whether they could be renewed,"he said."The process of renewing these cells changes over time,"Frisen added. In a 20-year-old,about 1percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year , but the turnover（更替）rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75."If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated,it may be potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals（药物）that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after , for example,a heart attack,"Frisen said.That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts."A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,."noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj,also from the Karolinska Institute."Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying," he said."With this finding,scientists are opening the door to potential therapies（疗法）,to having ourselves heal ourselves,"Bhardwaj said."Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing."But barriers remain.According to Bhardwaj,scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off,especially in older patients with heart failure.In addition,the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy hearts一 whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.In people in their mid-70s,only 0.45 percent of cardiomyocytes______.A:are still functionalB:are reduced each yearC:are replaced each yearD:are damaged each year
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Using HIV Virus to Cure CancerScientists are planning to use human immuno deficiency（免疫缺陷）virus(HIV) , one of mankind's most feared viruses,as a carrier of genes which can fight cancer and a range of diseases that cannot be cured.The experts say HIV has an almost perfect ability to avoid the body's immune（免疫的）defenses, making it ideal for carrying replacement genes into patients'bodies,according to the Observer.A team at the California-based Salk Institute,one of the world's leading research centers on biological sciences,has created a special new breed of HIV and has started negotiations with the U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA)to begin clinical gene therapy（治疗）trials this year.The first trials are expected to involve patients suffering from cancers that cannot be cured by surgery although project leader Professor Inder Verma said the HIV technique would have“far wider applications”.The plan remains very likely to cause controversy since it involves making use of a viruswhich has caused more than 22 million deaths around the world in the past two decades.Verma said that the idea of using HIV for a beneficial purpose was“shocking”but the fierce nature of HIV had disappeared by having all six of the potentially deadly genes removed.Illnesses such as various cancers are caused when a gene in a patient's body fails to work properly.In the past two years, breakthroughs in genetics（遗传学）have led gene therapy sci-entists to try and replace the genes that do not function normally.Unfortunately,the body's immune defenses have been known to attack the modified genes and make them lose their effects before they can start their task and progress in the field has been held up by the lack of a suitable carrier.The HIV virus has the ability to escape from,and then destroy,the immune defense cells designed to protect our bodies and this makes it attractive to scientists as a way of secretly conveying replacement genes into patients'bodies.Other countries are also expected to begin clinical gene therapy trials soon.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred YearsA hundred years ago,life expectancy in developed countries was about 47:in the early 21st century,men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these___1___ are rising all the time. What has brought___2___ these changes?When we look at the life___3___of people 100 years ago,we need to look at the greatest___4___of the time. In the early 20th century,these were the acute and often ___5___ infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others,and the weak and elderly were always at risk. In the ___6 ___world these diseases are far___ 7 ___today,and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of ___8 ___have led to this:improvements in sanitation and hygiene,the discovery and use of antibiotics,which ___9___ bacterial diseases much less dangerous,and vaccinations___10___ common diseases. ___11___ ,people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environ-ment:cleaner air,better means of preserving food,better and warmer housing,and better understanding of nutrition. Genetically,we should all be able to live to about 85 but ___12___ people do live longer today,there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chro-nic illnesses,such as heart disease and strokes,and those ___13___ by viruses,such as influen- za and AIDS. Of course,cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect ___14___ people,but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity ___15___ more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as“lifestyle diseases”,which means that it may be possi- ble to halt their progress.12._________A: whenB: yetC: howeverD: while
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It is one of the most pressing problems facing this country.A:urgent
B:serious
C:depressing
D:severe
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Relieving the Pain"Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain,"say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain. "People with chronic pain need to stop lying around,go out more,and start exercising."The instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and to try to protect the source of pain. But it seems that this is often not productive,especially in the case of back pain. Back pain,after headaches and tiredness,has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors.Painful backs now account for millions of days off work.Lumbar（腰部的）pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground, but they are made worse by a sedentary（久坐不动的）lifestyle. Lack of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles,so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of pain.Exercise is essential. It releases endorphins（内啡肽）,the body's "feel-good" chemicals, which are natural painkillers. In fact, these are so important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body.Most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise.Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy,doctors frequently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort,and as the pain continues,sufferers end up taking stronger doses or a series of different drugs."It's crazy,"says Dr. Brasseur,a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain. "Some of them are taking different drugs prescribed by different doctors.I've just seen a patient who was taking two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different names."A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided.Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up,their medication is cut down as much as possible.Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.In some pain一 relief clinics,patients begin the day with muscle contraction and relaxation exercises, followed by an hour on exercise bikes. Later in the day,they practice tai chi（太极）,self-defense,and deepthought. This compares with an average of two-and-a-half hours' physiotherapy（理疗）a week in a traditional hospital program."The idea is to strengthen and to increase long一lasting energy,flexibility,and confidence," explains Bill Wiles,a consultant pain doctor in Liverpool."Patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner than those subjected to more conservative treatment."Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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One Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIt's now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980,when smallpox was eradicated in the wild,by destroying the killer vims in the last two labs that are supposed to have it one in the US and one in Russia. if smallpox had truly gone from the planet,what point was there in keeping these reserves?_______(51)reality,of course,it was naive to _______(52)that everyone would let ________(53)of such a potent potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have _______(54)vials._______(55)the last“official”stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the Us and Russia,_______ (56)no obvious gain.Now American researchers have________(57)an animal model of the human disease,opening the________(58)for tests on new treatments and vaccines.So once again there's a good reason to_______(59)the virusjust in_______(60)the disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_______(61)with the mistrust of the US and Russia?_______(62).Keep the virus________(63)international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that's open to all countries. The US will object,of course,just at it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn't_______(64)the idea is wrong. If the virus_______(65)useful, then let's make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.53._________A:.to goB: goingC: goD: went
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InterviewThe importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist are reflected in several books that have been written on the topic .Most of these books,as well as sev-eral chapters,mainly in,but not limited to,journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts,stress the"how to"aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview,its context,and,implications. Much of the"how to"material is based on personal experiences and general impressions.As we know,in journalism as in other fields,much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice.Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is,as has been suggested,a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting,but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview it-self. On the other hand,many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written.Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Un-happily,this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons .First,it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar,at least in a positive manner,with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clini- cal interview,such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists.In these situations the pro-fessional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help .Another familiar situation is the job interview.However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media,particularly by televi-sion .And yet,we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers,listeners,and viewers.Even so,true understanding of the journalistic interview,es- pecially television interview,requires thoughtful analysis and even study,as this book indicates. The television interviews don't require thoughtful analysis.A:RightB: WrongC: Not mentioned
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The ice is not thick enough to bear the weight of a tank.A:suffer
B:accept
C:receive
D:endure
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Talking to Kids about SARS（非典）School age children may be learning about SARS from adults and the media,but may not know what to make of the situation,says a national health charity.The Lung Association says parents should take time to talk to their_________(1) and explain the facts about SARS and how to avoid the illness.The following is based on recommendations______(2)Thursday by the Lung Association:▲ Ask your children if they have heard________(3)SARS at school,from friends,from TV,etc. Finding out what they already know can be a good_____ (4)to start the conversation and to clear away any wrong ideas they might have about the illness and how t is spread.▲School age children are usually old________(5)to understand concepts such as getting sick from germs（细菌）and how to avoid illness. A.simple reminder（提示）_________(6)to cough on people and to wash their hands often may be sufficient for younger kids.All children should be shown how to_______(7)their hands properly.▲Remember to keep it simple so_________(8)not to overwhelm children with information,but answer them truthfully.Kids can tell when you're not being honest or if you're hiding something,and sometimes the unknown can be more frightening than the _________(9).Parents with anxious children will know________(10)their kids will handle information on SARS and can tailor their discussion accordingly.▲One way to explain the illness is to tell children that SARS is like a bad breathing problem.It is________(11)from a cold,but people can catch it in the same ways一 such as coughing on someone,not washing your hands or sharing a glass with a sick person.▲Describe how SARS is spread,but mention that the chance of_________(12) SARS is small.There is no reason to tell children people are dying of SARS_________(13) they ask. Never use the threat of death as a way to remind kids to wash their hands.▲Children should be_________(14)to trust their parents and other caregivers. Explain that many smart people,___________(15)doctors and scientists,are working on the problem and looking out for everyone's health._________(9) A:story B:information C:truth D:fear
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You Need Courage!Shortly after I began a career in business,I learned that Carl Weatherup,president of PepsiCo（百事可乐公司）,was speaking at the University of Colorado. I tracked down the person handling his schedule and managed to get myself an appointment._________(1)So there I was sifting outside the university's auditorium,waiting for the president of PepsiCo.I could hear him talking to the students … and talking,and talking._________(2)He was now five minutes over,which dropped my time with him down to 10 minutes.Decision time.I wrote a note on the back of my business card,reminding him that he had a meeting. "You have a meeting with Jeff Hoye at 2:30 p. m."I took a deep breath,pushed open the doors of the auditorium and walked straight up the middle aisle（过道）toward him as he talked.Mr.Weatherup stopped.__________(3)Just before I reached the door,I heard him tell the group that he was running late.He thanked them for their attention,wished them luck and walked out to where I was now sitting,holding my breath.He looked at the card and then at me."Let me guess,"he said."You're Jeff."Hesmiled._________（4)He spent the next 30 minutes offering me his time,some wonderful stories that I still use,and an invitation to visit him and his group in New York.But what he gave me that I value the most was the encouragement to continue to do as I had done,_________(5) When things need to happen,you either have the nerve to act or you don't._________（5）A:I began breathing again and we grabbed（霸占）an office right there at school and closed the door.B:As I sat listening to him,I knew that I could trust him,and that he deserved every bit of loyalty I could give to him.C:I became alarmed:his talk wasn't ending when it should have.D:He said that it took nerve for me to interrupt him,and that nerve was the key to success in the business world.E:I was told,however,that he was on a tight schedule and only had 15 minutes available after his talk to the business class.F:I handed him the card then!turned and walked out the way I came.
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How Two Great Conflicts Helped to Change EuropeNinety years ago on a sunny morning in Northern France,something happened that changed Britain and Europe for ever. At half past seven on the morning of July 1,1916 , whistles（哨子） blew and thousands of British soldiers left their positions to attack their German enemies. By the end of the day,20,000 of them were dead,and another 30,000 wounded or missing. The Battle of the Somme,______(51)it is called,lasted for six months.When it ended,125,000 British soldiers were dead. They had gained five kilometers of ground.This was one of a series of great battles during WWI.The attack on the Somme was staged to relieve______(52)on the French,who were engaged in a great battle of their own at a place called Verdun. By the time the battle ended,over a million French and German troops had been killed.About 17 million people were killed in WWI. There have been wars with greater numbers of dead .But there has never been one in______(53)most of the dead were concentrated in such a small area. On the Somme battlefield,two men died for every meter of space.Local farmers working in the land still______(54)the bodies of those who died in that battle .The dead of all nations were buried in a series of giant graveyards along the line of the bor- der______(55)France and Belgium.Relatives and descendants（子孙)of those who died still visit these graveyards today.What the French call the"tourism of death"______(56)an im- portant contribution to the local economy.It took a second great conflict before Europe was to turn______(57)war itself. Twenty-eight years after the Somme battle,a liberating army of British,American and Canadian troops took back______(58)from another German invasion. More than 500,000 people were killed.New______(59)were built.Two great conflicts across two generations helped to change the European mind about war. Germany,once the most warlike country in Europe,is now probably more in______(60)of peace than any other. One major cause of war in Europe was rivalry（竞争）between France and Germany .The European Union was specifically formed to end that______(61).According to US commentator William Pfaff,"Europeans are interested in a slow development of civilized and tolerant international relations,______(62)on problems while avoiding catastrophes（灾难）along the way. They have themselves only recently______(63)from the catas-trophes of WWI and WWII,when tens of millions of people were destroyed.They don't want______(64)."The last British veteran of the Somme battle died in 2005,aged 108.And WWI is passing out of memory and into history. But for anyone who wants to understand how Europeans ______(65),it is still important to know a little about the terrible events of July 1,1916.58._________A:. AmericaB: BritainC: CanadaD: France