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In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate, the host or the people present are likely to say ---碎碎（岁岁平安）as a means of controlling the forces which they believe feel might affect their lives. Which function does it perform?
A.Interpersonal
B.Emotive
C.Performative
D.Recreational
B.Emotive
C.Performative
D.Recreational
参考答案
参考解析
解析：本题考查语言的功能。
C选项， Performative施为功能是指语言具有能够用来“做事情”的功能。在某一特定的场合，某一特定的人说出的话语就等于事情的发生或开始发生。比如：在结婚仪式上，主持人说：“我现在宣布某某与某某正式结为夫妻”。这一句强有力的言语行为，在它之后，这对夫妻将同舟共济，共同携手面对生活的甘甜和苦楚。其他的施为行为还包括法官的监禁判决、国家元首对战争或独立的宣布，都属于特权人相信言语可以引发某些吉祥行为同时可以阻止某些厄运的降临。在中国除夕团圆饭时，不小心打碎了一只碗或盘，人们常常会马上说“碎碎（岁岁）平安”来挽救局面。综上，正确答案为C。
A选项，Interpersonal人际功能, 不体现，故排除。
B选项，Emotive情感功能, 不体现，故排除。
D 选项，Recreational 娱乐功能，不体现，故排除。
故正确选项为C。
C选项， Performative施为功能是指语言具有能够用来“做事情”的功能。在某一特定的场合，某一特定的人说出的话语就等于事情的发生或开始发生。比如：在结婚仪式上，主持人说：“我现在宣布某某与某某正式结为夫妻”。这一句强有力的言语行为，在它之后，这对夫妻将同舟共济，共同携手面对生活的甘甜和苦楚。其他的施为行为还包括法官的监禁判决、国家元首对战争或独立的宣布，都属于特权人相信言语可以引发某些吉祥行为同时可以阻止某些厄运的降临。在中国除夕团圆饭时，不小心打碎了一只碗或盘，人们常常会马上说“碎碎（岁岁）平安”来挽救局面。综上，正确答案为C。
A选项，Interpersonal人际功能, 不体现，故排除。
B选项，Emotive情感功能, 不体现，故排除。
D 选项，Recreational 娱乐功能，不体现，故排除。
故正确选项为C。
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Stomach UlcerStomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people.Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers.They could not cure them.Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers.This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain.Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life.So a possible cure is good news for many people.Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears.These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach,the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines.Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer.How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach.This pain often is called heartburn.It usually happens before eating or during the night.It causes some people to lose their desire to eat,or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs.Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids,which damaged stomach tissue.Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie.H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid.Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics.Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs.They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer.The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan,Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one.In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people.There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer.Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach.To do this,doctors say,people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol.And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.Now doctors can successfully cure stomach ulcers.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Stomach UlcerStomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people.Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers.They could not cure them.Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers.This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain.Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life.So a possible cure is good news for many people.Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears.These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach,the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines.Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer.How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach.This pain often is called heartburn.It usually happens before eating or during the night.It causes some people to lose their desire to eat,or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs.Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids,which damaged stomach tissue.Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie.H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid.Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics.Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs.They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer.The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan,Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one.In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people.There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer.Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach.To do this,doctors say,people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol.And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.Some people are likely to suffer from the stomach pain at some time in their life.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Stomach UlcerStomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people. Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers. They could not cure them.Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers .This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain.Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life. So a possible cure is good news for many people.Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears.These wounds canharm the tissue in the stomach,the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines .Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer. How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach .This pain often is called heart burn. It usually happens before eating or during the night. It causes some people to lose their desire to eat,or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs.Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids,which damaged stomach tissue. Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H .Pillorie .H .Pillorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid.Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics .Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs. They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer. The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan,Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if his or her family has had one.In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people. There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer. Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach .To do this,doctors say,people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. And they say people should reduce tension in their lives. Some people are likely to suffer from the stomach pain at some time in their life.A:.RightB: WrongC:.Not mentioned
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Stomach UlcerStomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people.Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers.They could not cure them.Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers.This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain.Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life.So a possible cure is good news for many people.Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears.These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach,the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines.Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer.How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach.This pain often is called heartburn.It usually happens before eating or during the night.It causes some people to lose their desire to eat,or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs.Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids,which damaged stomach tissue.Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie.H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid.Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics.Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs.They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer.The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan,Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one.In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people.There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer.Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach.To do this,doctors say,people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol.And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.People who eat a lot of spicy food are also susceptible to stomach ulcers.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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共用题干
Stomach UlcerStomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people. Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers. They could not cure them.Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers .This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain.Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life. So a possible cure is good news for many people.Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears.These wounds canharm the tissue in the stomach,the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines .Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer. How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach .This pain often is called heart burn. It usually happens before eating or during the night. It causes some people to lose their desire to eat,or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs.Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids,which damaged stomach tissue. Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H .Pillorie .H .Pillorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid.Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics .Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs. They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer. The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan,Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if his or her family has had one.In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people. There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer. Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach .To do this,doctors say,people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. And they say people should reduce tension in their lives. People who eat a lot of spicy food are susceptible to stomach ulcers.A: RightB: WrongC: Not mentioned
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第一篇Nonverbal（不用语言的）elements form a major part of any communication interchange. Som( people would say it's the most important part. According to one study,words convey only 7 percen of a person's message.Intonation and voice quality communicate 38 percent,and nonverbal cue, transmit a whopping 55 percent. That means people pick up more from nonverbal communicatior than from the words a person says.When studying about a foreign culture,then,it just makes sense to pay attention to how people use nonverbal cues.Gestures comprise a major form of nonverbal communication. In contrast to sign language,usec by deaf people to communicate elaborate messages,gestures function as visual icons which represeni a single idea. But often these gestures are embarrassingly culture bound.For example,when the Maoris of New Zealand stick out their tongue at someone,it is a sign of respect. When American schoolchildren make the same gesture,it means just the opposite.Also,Americans often indicate "OK"with their thumb and forefinger touching to form a circle.The same gesture means"money" to the Japanese,"zero"to the French and a vulgarity to Brazilians.For that reason,people in a foreign culture must use gestures with caution.Another cultural aspect of nonverbal communication is one that you might not think about: space.Every person perceives himself to have a sort of invisible shield surrounding his physical body.When someone comes too close,he feels uncomfortable.When he bumps into someone,he feels obligated to apologize.But the size of a person's"comfort zone"varies,depending on his cultural or ethnic origin.For example,in causal conversation,many Americans stand about four feet apart. In other words,they like to keep each other"at arm's length".People in Latin or Arab cultures,in contrast,stand very close to each other,and touch each other often.If someone from one of those cultures stands too close to an American while in conversation,the American may feel uncomfortable and back away.The main idea of the passage is________.A:you should pay more attention to your gestureB:nonverbal elements play an important role in communication interchangeC:the importance of body languageD:you should not pay attention to your pronunciation and intonation
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第一篇Nonverbal（不用语言的）elements form a major part of any communication interchange. Som( people would say it's the most important part. According to one study,words convey only 7 percen of a person's message.Intonation and voice quality communicate 38 percent,and nonverbal cue, transmit a whopping 55 percent. That means people pick up more from nonverbal communicatior than from the words a person says.When studying about a foreign culture,then,it just makes sense to pay attention to how people use nonverbal cues.Gestures comprise a major form of nonverbal communication. In contrast to sign language,usec by deaf people to communicate elaborate messages,gestures function as visual icons which represeni a single idea. But often these gestures are embarrassingly culture bound.For example,when the Maoris of New Zealand stick out their tongue at someone,it is a sign of respect. When American schoolchildren make the same gesture,it means just the opposite.Also,Americans often indicate "OK"with their thumb and forefinger touching to form a circle.The same gesture means"money" to the Japanese,"zero"to the French and a vulgarity to Brazilians.For that reason,people in a foreign culture must use gestures with caution.Another cultural aspect of nonverbal communication is one that you might not think about: space.Every person perceives himself to have a sort of invisible shield surrounding his physical body.When someone comes too close,he feels uncomfortable.When he bumps into someone,he feels obligated to apologize.But the size of a person's"comfort zone"varies,depending on his cultural or ethnic origin.For example,in causal conversation,many Americans stand about four feet apart. In other words,they like to keep each other"at arm's length".People in Latin or Arab cultures,in contrast,stand very close to each other,and touch each other often.If someone from one of those cultures stands too close to an American while in conversation,the American may feel uncomfortable and back away.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A:Sticking out tongue at someone is a sign of respect in New Zealand.B:Sticking out tongue at someone is irrespective in America.C:To form a circle by touching the thumb and forefinger means "zero" to Brazilians.D:To form a circle by touching the thumb and forefinger means "OK" to Americans.
考题
Every Chinese-language textbook starts out with the standard phrases（短语）for greeting people;but as an American,I always found myself unable to speak freely when it came to seeing guests off at the door.Just a good-bye would not do,yet that was all I had ever learned from the terrible books.So I would smile and nod,bowing（鞠躬）like a Japanese and searching madly for words that would smooth over the visitor′s leaving and make them feel they would be welcome to come again.In my unease,I often hid behind the skirts of my Chinese husband′s kindness.
Then finally,listening to others,I began to pick up the phrases that eased relationships and sent people off not only successfully but also skillfully.
Partings for the Chinese include a lot of necessary habitual practice.Although I′m not expected to observe or even know all the rules,as a foreigner,I′ve had to learn the expressions of politeness and protest（抗议，反对）at a leaving-taking.
The Chinese feel they must see a guest off to the farthest possible point-down the flight of stairs to the street below or perhaps all the way to the nearest bus stop.I′ve sometimes waited half an hour or more for my husband to return from seeing a guest off,since he′s gone to the bus stop and waited for the next bus to arrive.
That′s very well,but when I′m the guest being seen off,my protests are always useless.My hostess or host,or both,insists on seeing me down the stairs and well on my way,with my repeating the"Don′t bother（give the trouble）to see me off"at every landing.If I try to go fast to discourage them from following,they are simply out to the discomfort of having to run after me.Better to accept the inevitable（不可避免的）.
Besides,that′s going against Chinese custom,because haste（doing things quickly）is to be avoided.What do you say when you part from someone?"Go slowly."Not farewell or Godspeed（祝福）,but"Go slowly.".To the Chinese it means"Take care"or"Watch your step",or some such caution,but translated literally（照字面地）it means"Go slowly".
The Chinese use"Go slowly"in their partings so as toA.slowdown the guests
B.ask the guests to take care
C.wish the guests a happy journey
D.warn the guests of danger on their way home
考题
Every Chinese-language textbook starts out with the standard phrases（短语）for greeting people;but as an American,I always found myself unable to speak freely when it came to seeing guests off at the door.Just a good-bye would not do,yet that was all I had ever learned from the terrible books.So I would smile and nod,bowing（鞠躬）like a Japanese and searching madly for words that would smooth over the visitor′s leaving and make them feel they would be welcome to come again.In my unease,I often hid behind the skirts of my Chinese husband′s kindness.
Then finally,listening to others,I began to pick up the phrases that eased relationships and sent people off not only successfully but also skillfully.
Partings for the Chinese include a lot of necessary habitual practice.Although I′m not expected to observe or even know all the rules,as a foreigner,I′ve had to learn the expressions of politeness and protest（抗议，反对）at a leaving-taking.
The Chinese feel they must see a guest off to the farthest possible point-down the flight of stairs to the street below or perhaps all the way to the nearest bus stop.I′ve sometimes waited half an hour or more for my husband to return from seeing a guest off,since he′s gone to the bus stop and waited for the next bus to arrive.
That′s very well,but when I′m the guest being seen off,my protests are always useless.My hostess or host,or both,insists on seeing me down the stairs and well on my way,with my repeating the"Don′t bother（give the trouble）to see me off"at every landing.If I try to go fast to discourage them from following,they are simply out to the discomfort of having to run after me.Better to accept the inevitable（不可避免的）.
Besides,that′s going against Chinese custom,because haste（doing things quickly）is to be avoided.What do you say when you part from someone?"Go slowly."Not farewell or Godspeed（祝福）,but"Go slowly.".To the Chinese it means"Take care"or"Watch your step",or some such caution,but translated literally（照字面地）it means"Go slowly".
It is stated dearly that the writerA.is interested in the Chinese-language textbooks
B.is proud of being able to greet people at the door
C.is unsatisfied with the Chinese-language textbooks
D.is afraid of the standard phrases from the textbooks
考题
单选题Off hire is when a vessel breaks down，strands，or has any damage that prevents the working of cargo or delays the sailing of the vessel．Under which of the following charter parties is off hire most likely to be mentioned?（）.A
BareboatB
VoyageC
TimeD
Lease
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