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fermentation
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There are mainly six types of tea in the traditional Chinese concept, namely, black tea, green tea, white tea, oolong tea, yellow tea and dark tea.Black tea is fully fermented, so its leaves and tea soup are red.The flavour and aroma of black tea are rich and robust with a little bitterness.Famous black tea includes Qimen black tea, Tanyang Gongfu, etc.Green tea is non-fermented and the tea soup is green.It has a more delicate and fresher flavour than black tea.Famous green tea includes West Lake Longjing Tea, Bi Luo Chun Tea, etc.White tea, originated in Fujian Province, is probably the rarest tea.It is slightly fermented, just left to dry as it is.White tea has a lighter colour than other types of tea with a subtle flavor.One of the most famous white teas is White Tip Silver Needle.Oolong tea is partially fermented and has the most difficult tea processing.The result is a distinctive flavour, which combines the freshness of green tea and the mellowness of black tea.Famous oolong tea includes Tie Guan Yin, Da Hong Pao, etc.Yellow tea is relatively unknown.It is fermented.In the tea processing, the leaves are mounded and dried by the heat of fermentation.The flavour is close to green and white teas.Famous yellow tea includes Junshan Yinzhen, Huoshan Huangya, etc.Dark tea is post-fermented, which gives the leaves a dark black colour.The tea soup has a strong aroma with a thick and robust flavour.Famous dark tea includes Hunan dark tea, Yunnan Pu-erh tea, etc.Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete each statement based on Passage B.11._____ tea is non-fermented.A.YellowB.GreenC.BlackD.White12._____ tea is slightly fermented and the rarest kind of all.A.GreenB.WhiteC.YellowD.Black13._____ tea is partially fermented and combines the freshness of green tea and the mellowness of black tea.A.WhiteB.BlackC.YellowD.Oolong14.The flavour of _____ tea is similar to green and white teas.A.whiteB.blackC.yellowD.oolong15.The soup of _____ tea has a strong aroma with a thick flavour.A.whiteB.blackC.yellowD.dark
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Is it the different types of tea plants that determine the colour and aroma of tea? The answer is no.Actually, it is the processing of tea that finally decides the tea types.For example, black tea requires 100% oxidation and green tea requires almost no oxidation.So tea processing is quite an important factor in the production of tea.Anyway, the normal processing of tea includes the following four basic steps:1.New leaves are spread in order to reduce water content until they are pliable enough to be rolled.This process is called withering.2.The second step is rolling the withered leaves.Oils and extra moisture are released.This process can be done with machinery or by hand.3.The third step is called oxidation or fermentation.In this process the leaves turn from green to bright copper in colour.This step decides what type of tea we want.4.The last step is drying the leaves to stop the oxidation process.The leaves should be dried thoroughly without burning.Decide each statement is T (true) or F (false) based on Passage B.6.The processing of tea decides the tea types.7.Green tea requires a little oxidation.8.Withering makes the tea leaves release oils and water.9.Rolling the withered leaves can be done only with machinery.10.Burning the leaves is the last step of tea processing.
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问答题Passage 3Fermented Foods for Babies Malnutrition during weaning age-when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods-is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for children’s growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development. Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices. Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. A method to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety-documented since the early 1900’s-have been indicated in a number of studies. In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yoghurt has been known to many households living in hot climates. What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhoea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990). The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated. Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast, or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child. Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990), demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban areas where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted. Complete the summary with the list of words A-N below. Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries result not only from 1______ but also from infections caused by 2______. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with 3______. Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive. Fermented foods have higher 4______ and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their 5______ is increased. Fermentation occurs when 6______ is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. There is, however, a trend away from this 7______ to commercial products.A. porridge H. storage lifeB. malnutrition I. sprouted grainsC. fermentation J. inadequate food intakeD. new technology K. acidityE. contaminated food L. unfermented foodF. diarrhoeal germs M. weaningG. traditional food N. dough
考题
问答题In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summery below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in each of the blanks 51-5.Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhoea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development. Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. A method to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The antimicrobial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety-documented since the early 1900’s—have been indicated in a number of studies. What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhoea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990). The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated. Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast, or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child. Summary: Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from (1) but also from infections caused by contaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with (2) Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive.Fermented foods have higher (3) , and also have antimicrobial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their (4) is increased. Fermentation occurs when (5) is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives.
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名词解释题乳酸发酵（1actic acid fermentation）
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