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名词解释题
xenogeneic transplantation
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考题
In medical training standards，seafarers are not required to demonstrate their ability ______．A.to provide medical first aid on boardB.to take charge of medical care on board shipsC.to take immediate effective action in the case of accidents or illness likely to occur on board shipD.to improve cardiac function after transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
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Organ Donation and Transplantation1 Organ donation（捐献）and transplantation（移植）refers to the process by which organs or tissuesfrom one person are put into another person's body.2 The number of people needing a transplant continues to rise faster than the number of donors.About 3,700 transplant candidates are added to the national waiting list each month.Each day,about 77 people receive organ transplants.However,18 people die each day waiting for transplants that can't take place because of the shortage of donated organs.3 There are rio age limits on who can donate.Newborns as well as senior citizens have been organ donors. If you are under age 18 , you must have a parent's or guardian's consent（同意）.If you are 18 years or older,you can show you want to be an organ and tissue donor by signing a donor card.4 Many people think that if they agree to donate their organs,the doctor or the emergency room staff won't work as hard to save their life.This is not true.The transplant team is completely separate from the medical staff working to save your life.The transplant team does not become involved with you until doctors have determined that all possible efforts to save your life have failed.5 If you need an organ transplant,your doctor will help you get on the national waiting list.Your name will be added to a pool of names.When an organ donor becomes available,all the patients in the pool are compared to that donor. Factors such as blood and tissue type, size of the organ, medical urgency（紧急）of the patient's illness , time already spent on the waiting list, and distance between donor and recipient（接受 者）are considered.Organ donors range in age from newborns to________.A:donated organsB:the national waiting listC:a donor cardD:senior citizensE:all possible effortsF:the most suitable candidate
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Organ Donation and Transplantation1 Organ donation（捐献）and transplantation（移植）refers to the process by which organs or tissuesfrom one person are put into another person's body.2 The number of people needing a transplant continues to rise faster than the number of donors.About 3,700 transplant candidates are added to the national waiting list each month.Each day,about 77 people receive organ transplants.However,18 people die each day waiting for transplants that can't take place because of the shortage of donated organs.3 There are rio age limits on who can donate.Newborns as well as senior citizens have been organ donors. If you are under age 18 , you must have a parent's or guardian's consent（同意）.If you are 18 years or older,you can show you want to be an organ and tissue donor by signing a donor card.4 Many people think that if they agree to donate their organs,the doctor or the emergency room staff won't work as hard to save their life.This is not true.The transplant team is completely separate from the medical staff working to save your life.The transplant team does not become involved with you until doctors have determined that all possible efforts to save your life have failed.5 If you need an organ transplant,your doctor will help you get on the national waiting list.Your name will be added to a pool of names.When an organ donor becomes available,all the patients in the pool are compared to that donor. Factors such as blood and tissue type, size of the organ, medical urgency（紧急）of the patient's illness , time already spent on the waiting list, and distance between donor and recipient（接受 者）are considered.Paragraph 5 _________A: Quality of Donated OrgansB: Benefits of Organ DonationC:Distribution of Donated OrgansD:Quality of Donor Medical CareE:Age Limits for Organ DonationF:Status of Organ Donation and Transplantation
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Surgery Involving the Heart1 The heart-lung machine(pump-oxygenator)is a valuable addition to the modern operating room. This machine has made it possible to perform many operations on the heart and other thoracic organs which could not otherwise be done.There are several types of machines in use,all of which serve as a temporary substitute for the patient's heart and lungs.2 The machine siphons off the blood from the large vessels entering the heart on the right side so that no blood passes through the heart and lungs.The blood is returned to the general circulation for body distribution through one of the large arteries.While passing through the machine,the blood is oxygenated by means of an oxygen inlet,and carbon dioxide is removed by various chemical means.These are the processes that normally take place between the blood and the air in the lung tissue.While in the machine,the blood is also deformed to be sure that all air bubbles are removed,since such bubbles could be fatal to the patient byobstructing blood vessels.An electric motor in the machine serves as a pump during the surgical procedure to distribute the processed blood throughout the body by means of the artery mentioned above.3 Diseased valves may become deformed and scarred from endocarditis so that they are ineffective and often obstructive.In some cases a special small knife can be inserted into the heart chamber and the valve can be cut so that it no longer obstructs the blood flow. The valve may even become partially functional.In other cases there may be so much damage that replacement is the only resort. Substitute valves,made of plastic materials have proved to be a lifesaving measure for many patients.Very thin butterfly valves made of dacron（涤纶）or other synthetic material have also been successfully used.4 Artificial hearts or parts of hearts designed to assist the ventricles in their pumping function have not proved as successful as the artificial valves.However,research continues and it is quite possible that an effective device may soon be ready for use.More spectacular is the transplantation of a human heart from the body of a person who has recently died.Tissues of the donor and the recipient should be as closely matched as possible to avoid rejection by the recipient's antibody mechanism.This rejection syndrome is the most serious problem related to heart transplants.The heart-lung machine is an essential helper for surgeons________.A:and finally they fail to function properlyB:to perform many surgical operations on the chestC:when it passes through the heart-lung machineD:and they no longer obstruct the blood flowE:to match tissues of the donor and the recipientF: when the ineffective valves are replaced by artificial ones
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Surgery Involving the Heart1 The heart-lung machine(pump-oxygenator)is a valuable addition to the modern operating room. This machine has made it possible to perform many operations on the heart and other thoracic organs which could not otherwise be done.There are several types of machines in use,all of which serve as a temporary substitute for the patient's heart and lungs.2 The machine siphons off the blood from the large vessels entering the heart on the right side so that no blood passes through the heart and lungs.The blood is returned to the general circulation for body distribution through one of the large arteries.While passing through the machine,the blood is oxygenated by means of an oxygen inlet,and carbon dioxide is removed by various chemical means.These are the processes that normally take place between the blood and the air in the lung tissue.While in the machine,the blood is also deformed to be sure that all air bubbles are removed,since such bubbles could be fatal to the patient byobstructing blood vessels.An electric motor in the machine serves as a pump during the surgical procedure to distribute the processed blood throughout the body by means of the artery mentioned above.3 Diseased valves may become deformed and scarred from endocarditis so that they are ineffective and often obstructive.In some cases a special small knife can be inserted into the heart chamber and the valve can be cut so that it no longer obstructs the blood flow. The valve may even become partially functional.In other cases there may be so much damage that replacement is the only resort. Substitute valves,made of plastic materials have proved to be a lifesaving measure for many patients.Very thin butterfly valves made of dacron（涤纶）or other synthetic material have also been successfully used.4 Artificial hearts or parts of hearts designed to assist the ventricles in their pumping function have not proved as successful as the artificial valves.However,research continues and it is quite possible that an effective device may soon be ready for use.More spectacular is the transplantation of a human heart from the body of a person who has recently died.Tissues of the donor and the recipient should be as closely matched as possible to avoid rejection by the recipient's antibody mechanism.This rejection syndrome is the most serious problem related to heart transplants.It is extremely important in heart transplantation________.A:and finally they fail to function properlyB:to perform many surgical operations on the chestC:when it passes through the heart-lung machineD:and they no longer obstruct the blood flowE:to match tissues of the donor and the recipientF: when the ineffective valves are replaced by artificial ones
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第二篇Bone Marrow TransplantationBone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones,such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains immature cells,called stem cells.The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body,the white blood cells that fight infections,and the platelets that help with blood clotting.If there is a problem with your bone marrow,a transplant can give you healthy new marrow. You could need a transplant because of a disease,such as bone marrow diseases or cancers like leukemia kemia or lymphoma.Or you might need one if a strong cancer treatment kills your healthy blood cells.People with cancer sometimes donate bone marrow before treatment to be transplanted later. But often the new marrow comes from a donor,either a close family member or someone unrelated.The healthy cells for a transplant can come from three sources:bone marrow;peripheral (circulating) blood that has an increased number of healthy blood-forming cells(also called peripheral blood stem cells or PBSC);umbilical cord blood that is collected after a baby is born.If you need an allogeneic transplant,your doctor will look for a marrow donor or cord blood unit that matches your HLA tissue type.HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen,a markei your immune system uses to recognize which cells belong in your body and which do not.Before your body can receive the healthy cells,the diseased cells must be destroyed.This is done using chemotherapy and sometimes radiation. The destruction of diseased cells is called a preparative regimen or a conditioning regimen.On the day of transplant,the cells from the marrow donor or cord blood unit are infused intravenously(go into your body through a large vein).These healthy cells move into the spaces inside your bones where they create new marrow. They grow and make healthy new red blood cells,white blood cells,and platelets.We can infer from this passage that_________.A:bone marrow transplantation requires five proceduresB:bone marrow transplantation is complexC:people with leukemia must need transplantationD:people with cancer must donate bone marrow before treatment
考题
单选题One factor causing death on organ transplantation is ______.A
heavy bleeding during surgeryB
destruction of patients’ immune systemC
objection from patients to taking organs of othersD
doctors’ lack of confidence
考题
名词解释题allogeneic transplantation
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