ACCAF4法律的三种分类五种特征!

发布时间:2019-07-20



ACCA作为财会界的黄金证书,一直是很多小伙伴向往的考取的证书,但是因为其考试科目多,考试难度大的问题难倒了很多小伙伴,为此小编特地整理了关于ACCAF4的考试备考内容,具体内容如下。

一、三种分类方式

判例法(case law)指可作为先例据以决案的法院判决,是法官造法,也就是我们说的司法者造法,这点通常与成文法 (statute law) 相对,成文法是由议会制定法律。判例法和成文法都是英国法系法律的两个重要渊源 (source of law) ,也是重要的法律类型之一(types of law)。此时这种分类是按照法律制定的主体来区分的。

根据判例法制度,某一判决中的法律规则不仅适用于该案,而且往往作为一种先例(precedent)而适用于以后该法院或下级法院所管辖的案件。只要案件的基本事实相同或相似,就必须以判例所定规则处理。这就是所谓“遵循先例” (stare decisis) 原则。

此外,我们又可以通过法律规范的主体是否平等,将法律分为私法 (private law) 和公法(public law)

私法 (private law) 主要是指调整普通公民,组织之间关系的法律,在社会层面上双方当事人的法律地位平等,私法关键在于调整公民个人的权利义务关系(right and obligation)

公法(public law)主要是指调整国家与普通公民、组织之间关系的法律,从定义中可以看出双方当事人中必须至少有一方是公权力机关。在我们生活中的tax lawconstituition law都是属于公法范畴的。

最后我们还可以依据法律规范的内容不同,将法律分为刑法(criminal law)和民法 (civil law)。民法属于私法的范畴,重点在于双方当事人之间权利与义务的分配,刑法属于公法的范畴,重点在于确定什么样的行为是犯罪行为,和对于犯罪行为给与怎么样的处罚(punishment),所以可以归纳为三个字罪与罚。考试中时常会考到两者的区别,需要同学们对该块内容加以重视。

二、五大必会特征

1. Burden of proof 举证责任

举证责任的一般原则是谁主张,这举证。在民事案件中由我们的原告(claimant)进行举证,在刑事案件中由国家提起公诉,这里的检察官(prosecution)就是代表国家。

2. Standard of proof 举证的标准

在民法中,举证的标准是看原告和被告谁的证据更占优势,即谁的证词可能性越高(balance of probabilities),谁胜诉的概率就越高。

在刑事案件中,举证的标准会明显提高,需要排除一切合理的怀疑(beyond reasonable doubt)。这是由于刑事案件的两方在法律地位上是不平等的,且刑事案件的判决结果对于被告人更为严重,所以公诉人想要胜诉,必须承担更高的举证标准,来证明被告有罪。

3. Decision 判决结果

在民事案件中,判决结果是被告是否有责任(liable / not liable),而在刑事案件中,判决结果往往是被告人是否有罪(guilty / not guilty)

4. Aim 法律目的

民法的目的是provide compensatory remedies,具有补偿性质,而并非惩罚。但在刑事案件中,法院对国家不允许或者不赞成的行为,给与惩罚(punishment)

5. Remedies 救济方式

在民事案件中,被告如果有责任,一般给到原告赔偿金(damages)作为救济方式,但是在刑事案件中,被告人如果有罪,就会受到收监关押(prinson)和罚金(fines)的惩罚。

综合以上就是关于ACCAF4的备考内容,希望对各位小伙伴有用,小编将持续更新相关内容。



下面小编为大家准备了 ACCA考试 的相关考题,供大家学习参考。

(d) Additionally Router purchased 60% of the ordinary shares of a radio station, Playtime, a public limited company,

on 31 May 2007. The remaining 40% of the ordinary shares are owned by a competitor company who owns a

substantial number of warrants issued by Playtime which are currently exercisable. If these warrants are

exercised, they will result in Router only owning 35% of the voting shares of Playtime. (4 marks)

Required:

Discuss how the above items should be dealt with in the group financial statements of Router for the year ended

31 May 2007.

正确答案:

(d) IAS27 paragraph 14, ‘Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements’, states that warrants that have the potential to give
the holder voting power or reduce another party’s voting power over the financial and operating policies of the issuer should
be considered when existence of control is assessed. The warrants held by the competitor company, if exercised, would grant
that company control over Playtime. One party only can control Playtime and, therefore, the competitor company should
consolidate Playtime. In coming to this decision all the facts and circumstances that affect potential voting rights (except the
intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or convert) should be considered. It seems, however, that there
is a prima facie case for not consolidating Playtime but accounting for it under IAS28 or IAS39.


21 Which of the following statements about contingent assets and contingent liabilities are correct?

1 A contingent asset should be disclosed by note if an inflow of economic benefits is probable.

2 A contingent liability should be disclosed by note if it is probable that a transfer of economic benefits to settle it

will be required, with no provision being made.

3 No disclosure is required for a contingent liability if it is not probable that a transfer of economic benefits to settle

it will be required.

4 No disclosure is required for either a contingent liability or a contingent asset if the likelihood of a payment or

receipt is remote.

A 1 and 4 only

B 2 and 3 only

C 2, 3 and 4

D 1, 2 and 4

正确答案:A

2 The draft financial statements of Choctaw, a limited liability company, for the year ended 31 December 2004 showed

a profit of $86,400. The trial balance did not balance, and a suspense account with a credit balance of $3,310 was

included in the balance sheet.

In subsequent checking the following errors were found:

(a) Depreciation of motor vehicles at 25 per cent was calculated for the year ended 31 December 2004 on the

reducing balance basis, and should have been calculated on the straight-line basis at 25 per cent.

Relevant figures:

Cost of motor vehicles $120,000, net book value at 1 January 2004, $88,000

(b) Rent received from subletting part of the office accommodation $1,200 had been put into the petty cash box.

No receivable balance had been recognised when the rent fell due and no entries had been made in the petty

cash book or elsewhere for it. The petty cash float in the trial balance is the amount according to the records,

which is $1,200 less than the actual balance in the box.

(c) Bad debts totalling $8,400 are to be written off.

(d) The opening accrual on the motor repairs account of $3,400, representing repair bills due but not paid at

31 December 2003, had not been brought down at 1 January 2004.

(e) The cash discount totals for December 2004 had not been posted to the discount accounts in the nominal ledger.

The figures were:

$

Discount allowed 380

Discount received 290

After the necessary entries, the suspense account balanced.

Required:

Prepare journal entries, with narratives, to correct the errors found, and prepare a statement showing the

necessary adjustments to the profit.

(10 marks)

正确答案:


17 A company sublets part of its office accommodation. In the year ended 30 June 2005 cash received from tenants

was $83,700.

Details of rent in arrears and in advance at the beginning and end of the year were:

In arrears In advance

$ $

30 June 2004 3,800 2,400

30 June 2005 4,700 3,000

All arrears of rent were subsequently received.

What figure for rental income should be included in the company’s income statement for the year ended 30 June

2005?

A $84,000

B $83,400

C $80,600

D $85,800

正确答案:A

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