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Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.①Many of today’s most trusted sales techniques were invented over a century ago by a young merchant named Eaton in Toronto.21 When he was young, Eaton worked briefly with his brothers in small-town stores. In 1869, he set up his own shop in downtown Toronto. He had many competitors, but he was also ambitious and had a plan for success. He offered a unique style. of trade, but as was expected, all the other shopkeepers laughed at him, believing he would eventually fail. However, Eaton was not a man to be easily defeated; he came up with（To bring forth or discover ） a brand new notion of business – “Goods satisfactory, or money refunded.(to give back)” He sold all his goods at fixed prices and only for cash.23②With a sharp sense of what the public wanted, he went out of the way(To inconvenience oneself in doing something beyond what is required.不怕麻烦地：超出要求之外做某事而使自己麻烦) to meet their needs. His business grew rapidly. He set up new branches and started mail order service that allowed people to buy from a list of his goods.③Eaton’s list—advertisements of his day—was the first of its kind. It was distributed and read all over the country. It was the only way to access good-quality goods at reasonable prices for people living far away from big cites.25 It became part of their life. They even called it The Wishing Book. The secret of the list’s success was that Eaton gained the respect of these customers22; they trusted him for good prices and quality goods. Probably because he remembered his miserable early days in Ireland, Eaton thought much of the welfare of his employees: better working conditions, shorter weekday（除了周日或者除了周六周日）hours than his competitors and Saturday afternoons off in the summer. In all this, he was a leader.21. The best description of Eaton is that ______.A. he was the richest merchant in TorontoB. he was a successful technical inventorC. he introduced new sales practicesD. he changed people’s ideas about businessmen
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Julia, Gillard, as education minister and then prime minister~ identified the Gonski Report on school funding, later renamed the Better School Plan, as one of her crowning achievements. Backed by the Australian Education Union and Australia's cultural-left education blob (a term coined by Britain's Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove), her argument is that Gonski will deliver excellence and equity in education by massively increasing government expenditure. The Gonski funding model, involving a base level of funding known as a School Resourcing Standard and additional loadings related to disadvantage, is also lauded as bring clarity, transparency and consistency to school funding. Not so. As noted by the National Comission of Audit, the flaws and weaknesses in the report are manifest.
Under the heading "Complexity of the funding model," section 9.7 Appendix Volmne 1, the statement is made that" new school funding arrangements are complex, inconsistent and lack transparency". Instead of having a national funding model, we have a situation where the states and territories and Catholic and independent school sectors have their own approaches to allocating finding to schools.
So much for the argument that the Gonski model represents an improvement on the Howard government's supposedly opaque and insistently applied socio-economic status (SES) mode. The Schooling Resource Standard is also criticized for not being "based on a detailed analysisof the cost of delivering education" and the formula employed for quantifying disadvantage for using faulty data leading to students "being misidentified as being inside or outside definitions of educationally disadvantaged".
Citing international research and an analysis carried out by the ALP federal .member forFraser, Andrew Leigh, when an academic at the Australian National University, the audit report oncludes there is little, if any, relationship between increased expenditure and raising standards.
Mirroring the argument put by Jennifer Buckingham in her School Funding on a Budget, the audit report argues "increasing funding does not necessarily equate to better student outcomes". common sense suggests, and contrary to the Australian Education Union's "I Give a campain, a more way to raise standards is to have a rigorous curriculum, effective and oommittcd teachers, strong parental engagement and schools, within broad guidelines, that hane the flexibility to manage themselves.
To applaud the commission of audit's analysis of school funding should not be taken asunqualified support. The suggestion that the states, and most likely their education departments, should control how funding to independent school is allocated is a mistake. Slate schools, on the whole, compete against non-government schools, and allowing state governments or their education bureaucracies to decide how funding is allocated to independent schools represents a conflict of interest.
How does the author make his arguments convincing to his readers?__________
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A．He cites noted authorities as a means of supporting his opinions.
B．He presents a thesis and then lists evidence to supporting his opinions.
C．He summarized an official document and then discusses it in detail.
D．He uses official documents and then gives his personal interpretation.
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Adaptation of Living ThingsCertain animals and plants develop characteristics that help them cope with their environment better than others of their kind.This natural biological process is called adaptation.Among the superior characteristics developed through adaptation are those that may help in getting food or shelter,in providing protection,and in producing and protecting the young. That results in the evolution of more and more organisms（生物体）that are better fitted to their environments.Each living thing is adapted to its way of life in a general way,but each is adapted especially to its own distinct class.A plant,for example,depends upon its roots to fix itself firmly and toabsorb water and inorganic chemicals（无机物）.It depends upon its green leaves for using the sun's energy to make food from inorganic chemicals.These are general adaptations,common to most plants .In addition,there are special adaptations that only certain kinds of plants have.Many animals have adaptations that help them escape from their enemies.Some are hidden by their body color or shape,and many look like a leaf or a little branch.The coats of deer are colored to mix with the surroundings .Many animals .have the ability to remain completely still when an enemy is near.Organisms have a great variety of ways of adapting.They may adapt in their structure,func-tion,and genetics;in their development and production of the young;and in other respects.An organism may create its own environment, as do warm-blooded mammals（哺乳动物）,which have the ability to adjust body heat exactly to maintain their ideal temperature despite changing weather.Usually adaptations are an advantage,but sometimes an organism is so well adapted to a particular environment that if conditions change,it finds it difficult or impossible to readapt to the new conditions. The author cites the behavior of warm-blooded mammals in order to illustrate that a living thing may have the ability_______.A:to create an environment of its ownB:to remain still when an enemy is near.C:to make food from its inorganic chemicalsD:to change the color of its skin.
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Text 2 With so much focus on children’s use of screens,it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use.“Tech is designed to really suck on you in,”says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play,"and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement.It makes it hard to disengage,and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise.She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children.During a separate observation,she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family.Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parents’faces to try to understand their world,and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device－it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children.Radesky cites the“still face experiment”devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s.In it,a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback;The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention."Parents don't have to be exquisitely parents at all times,but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,"says Radesky.On the other hand,Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids'use of screens are born out of an“oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting”with their children:“It’s based on a somewhat fantasized,very white,very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.”Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it－particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower,do housework or simply have a break from their child.Parents,he says,can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way.This can make them feel happier,which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.
The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_____A.protect kids from exposure to wild fantasies
B.teach their kids at least 30,000 words a year
C.ensure constant interaction with their children
D.remain concerned about kid's use of screens
考题
Text 2 With so much focus on children’s use of screens,it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use.“Tech is designed to really suck on you in,”says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play,"and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement.It makes it hard to disengage,and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise.She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children.During a separate observation,she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family.Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parents’faces to try to understand their world,and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device－it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children.Radesky cites the“still face experiment”devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s.In it,a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback;The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention."Parents don't have to be exquisitely parents at all times,but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,"says Radesky.On the other hand,Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids'use of screens are born out of an“oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting”with their children:“It’s based on a somewhat fantasized,very white,very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.”Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it－particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower,do housework or simply have a break from their child.Parents,he says,can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way.This can make them feel happier,which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.
Radesky’s cites the“still face experiment”to show that_____A.it is easy for children to get used to blank expressions
B.verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchange
C.children are insensitive to changes in their parents’mood
D.parents need to respond to children's emotional needs
考题
资料：Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. (1)
Fear mongering and myth-making about human-like and social robots is stopping us from engaging with the technology behind them and having an input into how they—and we—evolve, says Hatice Gunes, Associate Professor at University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. (2)
Dr Gunes will be speaking about her research at the Hay Festival on 1st June and says we need to move beyond sensationalist portrayals of human-like robot. Her Hay talk will centre on human robot interaction [ HRI] and how it can be used for our benefit, for instance, for helping children with autism learn how to read expressions and to stimulate the senses of elderly people in care. (3)
Dr Gunes will outline how HRI works. She says it has to be believable in order to be effective. That means robots’ appearance is very important. This is what has driven the development of humanoid robots with arms and aspects of a human face which can behave in a human-like way, for instance, moving their arms, legs and eyes. However, more important than appearance is their behaviour and emotional expressivity. Dr Gunes refers to the way we relate to Disney’s animated characters. “People believe in them because they can portray emotion,” she says. (4)
To achieve expressivity requires an understanding of how human emotions are portrayed and triggered. Scientists have been working on artificial emotional intelligence which enables new technology such as embodied agents and robots to both express and detect emotions, understanding non-verbal cues. Dr Gunes cites the work of Charles Darwin on the visual nature of emotions and how they can be mapped to various changes in facial expressions. (5)
Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. That means they will be able to offer a response that is sensitive to specific contexts. (6)
Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli. (7)
Another area which scientists are looking at in their quest to improve humanoids’ believability is personality. Dr Gunes has done a lot of work on personality in telepresence robotics, robots controlled remotely by a human—a kind of 3D avatar. These can be used in many ways, for instance, by medical staff to offer remote home care. The medical person can be based anywhere and operate the robot through a virtual headset. Dr Gunes is interested in how people react to the teleoperator (the human controlling the robot remotely) who is present in robot form. Once again, both the robot’s physical appearance and behaviour are important and research shows that their personality needs to be task dependent. (8)
Dr Gunes says there remain some big challenges for scientists working on HRI, including how to process and combine all the different data they are gathering, how to modify their appearance and behaviour dynamically, and how to keep their power going 24/7. The major challenges, however, are to do with breaking down some of the myths and fears people have about humanoids. (9)
Part of this is because they don’t understand the benefits humanoid robots can bring and why, for instance, they need to take on a human form and understand emotions. She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. (10)
“People tend to love or hate robots, but they don’t really know a lot abouA.To enable robots to serve humans.
B.To decrease humans fear about robots.
C.To make robots more human-like.
D.To equip robots with human emotions.
考题
资料：Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. (1)
Fear mongering and myth-making about human-like and social robots is stopping us from engaging with the technology behind them and having an input into how they—and we—evolve, says Hatice Gunes, Associate Professor at University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. (2)
Dr Gunes will be speaking about her research at the Hay Festival on 1st June and says we need to move beyond sensationalist portrayals of human-like robot. Her Hay talk will centre on human robot interaction [ HRI] and how it can be used for our benefit, for instance, for helping children with autism learn how to read expressions and to stimulate the senses of elderly people in care. (3)
Dr Gunes will outline how HRI works. She says it has to be believable in order to be effective. That means robots’ appearance is very important. This is what has driven the development of humanoid robots with arms and aspects of a human face which can behave in a human-like way, for instance, moving their arms, legs and eyes. However, more important than appearance is their behaviour and emotional expressivity. Dr Gunes refers to the way we relate to Disney’s animated characters. “People believe in them because they can portray emotion,” she says. (4)
To achieve expressivity requires an understanding of how human emotions are portrayed and triggered. Scientists have been working on artificial emotional intelligence which enables new technology such as embodied agents and robots to both express and detect emotions, understanding non-verbal cues. Dr Gunes cites the work of Charles Darwin on the visual nature of emotions and how they can be mapped to various changes in facial expressions. (5)
Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. That means they will be able to offer a response that is sensitive to specific contexts. (6)
Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli. (7)
Another area which scientists are looking at in their quest to improve humanoids’ believability is personality. Dr Gunes has done a lot of work on personality in telepresence robotics, robots controlled remotely by a human—a kind of 3D avatar. These can be used in many ways, for instance, by medical staff to offer remote home care. The medical person can be based anywhere and operate the robot through a virtual headset. Dr Gunes is interested in how people react to the teleoperator (the human controlling the robot remotely) who is present in robot form. Once again, both the robot’s physical appearance and behaviour are important and research shows that their personality needs to be task dependent. (8)
Dr Gunes says there remain some big challenges for scientists working on HRI, including how to process and combine all the different data they are gathering, how to modify their appearance and behaviour dynamically, and how to keep their power going 24/7. The major challenges, however, are to do with breaking down some of the myths and fears people have about humanoids. (9)
Part of this is because they don’t understand the benefits humanoid robots can bring and why, for instance, they need to take on a human form and understand emotions. She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. (10)
“People tend to love or hate robots, but they don’t really know a lot abouA.Neutral
B.Positive
C.Negative
D.Critical
考题
资料：Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. (1)
Fear mongering and myth-making about human-like and social robots is stopping us from engaging with the technology behind them and having an input into how they—and we—evolve, says Hatice Gunes, Associate Professor at University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. (2)
Dr Gunes will be speaking about her research at the Hay Festival on 1st June and says we need to move beyond sensationalist portrayals of human-like robot. Her Hay talk will centre on human robot interaction [ HRI] and how it can be used for our benefit, for instance, for helping children with autism learn how to read expressions and to stimulate the senses of elderly people in care. (3)
Dr Gunes will outline how HRI works. She says it has to be believable in order to be effective. That means robots’ appearance is very important. This is what has driven the development of humanoid robots with arms and aspects of a human face which can behave in a human-like way, for instance, moving their arms, legs and eyes. However, more important than appearance is their behaviour and emotional expressivity. Dr Gunes refers to the way we relate to Disney’s animated characters. “People believe in them because they can portray emotion,” she says. (4)
To achieve expressivity requires an understanding of how human emotions are portrayed and triggered. Scientists have been working on artificial emotional intelligence which enables new technology such as embodied agents and robots to both express and detect emotions, understanding non-verbal cues. Dr Gunes cites the work of Charles Darwin on the visual nature of emotions and how they can be mapped to various changes in facial expressions. (5)
Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. That means they will be able to offer a response that is sensitive to specific contexts. (6)
Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli. (7)
Another area which scientists are looking at in their quest to improve humanoids’ believability is personality. Dr Gunes has done a lot of work on personality in telepresence robotics, robots controlled remotely by a human—a kind of 3D avatar. These can be used in many ways, for instance, by medical staff to offer remote home care. The medical person can be based anywhere and operate the robot through a virtual headset. Dr Gunes is interested in how people react to the teleoperator (the human controlling the robot remotely) who is present in robot form. Once again, both the robot’s physical appearance and behaviour are important and research shows that their personality needs to be task dependent. (8)
Dr Gunes says there remain some big challenges for scientists working on HRI, including how to process and combine all the different data they are gathering, how to modify their appearance and behaviour dynamically, and how to keep their power going 24/7. The major challenges, however, are to do with breaking down some of the myths and fears people have about humanoids. (9)
Part of this is because they don’t understand the benefits humanoid robots can bring and why, for instance, they need to take on a human form and understand emotions. She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. (10)
“People tend to love or hate robots, but they don’t really know a lot abouA.It is important for robots to learn about the context so as to understand human emotions.
B.Whether humanoids will have human emotions themselves still remains unclear.
C.It is a stigma for robots to have different layers of human emotions.
D.The nature of human emotions will hinder the development of humanoids.
考题
The author cites Maslow’s theory in order to( ) A.show the theory can be applied to the energy issue.
B.prove the theory is reasonable.
C.prove that India Gandhi was right with her idea.
D.explain the reason for the comeback of those controversial energy sources.
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单选题Since there are so many cars on the road, ______ many hours to complete a short journey at peak times in some major cites.A
people will makeB
we may costC
driving should spend D
it can take
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单选题The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?A
It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.B
It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C
It cites a specific case that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.D
It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.
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问答题Passage 8 Some people might want a “double tall skinny hazelnut decaf latte”, but Howard Schultz is not one of them. The chairman and “chief global strategist” of the Starbucks coffee chain prefers a Sumatra roast with no milk, no sugar and poured from a French press—the kind of pure coffee, in fact, favoured by those coffee snobs who sneer at Starbucks, not just for its bewildering variety of choice and flavours (55,000 different drinks, by the company’s count), but for its very ubiquity—over 10,500 locations around the world, increasing at a rate of five a day, and often within sight of each other. Starbucks knows it cannot ignore its critics. Anti-globaiisation protesters have occasionally trashed its coffee shops; posh neighbourhoods in San Francisco and London have resisted the opening of new branches; and the company is a favourite target of internet critics, on sites like www.ihatestarbucks.com. Mr. Schultz is watchful, but relaxed: “We have to be extremely mindful and sensitive of the public’s view of things... Thus far, we’ve done a pretty good job.” Certainly, as reviled icons of American capitalism go, Starbucks is distinctly second division compared with big leaguers like, say, McDonald’s. The reason, argues Mr. Schultz, is that the company has retained a “passion” for coffee and a “sense of humanity”. Starbucks buys expensive beans and pays its growers—be they in Guatemala or Ethiopia—an average of 23% above the market price. A similar benevolence applies to company employees. Where other corporations seek to unload the burden of employee benefits, Starbucks gives all American employees working at least 20 hours a week a package that includes stock options (“Bean Stock”) and comprehensive health insurance. For Mr. Schultz, raised in a Brooklyn public-housing project, this health insurance—which now costs Starbucks more each year than coffee—is a moral obligation. At the age of seven, he came home to find his father, a lorry-driver, in a plaster cast, having slipped and broken an ankle. No insurance, no compensation and now no job. Hence what amounts to a personal crusade. Most of America’s corporate chiefs steer clear of the sensitive topic of health-care reform. Not Mr. Schultz. He makes speeches, lobbies politicians and has even hosted a commercial-free hour of television, arguing for reform of a system that he thinks is simultaneously socially unjust and a burden on corporate America. Meanwhile the company pays its workers’ premiums, even as each year they rise by double-digit percentages. The goal has always been “to build the sort of company that my father was never able to work for.” By this he means a company that “remains small even as it gets big”, treating its workers as individuals. Starbucks is not alone in its emphasis on “social responsibility”, but the other firms Mr. Schultz cites off the top of his head—Timberland, Patagonia, Whole Foods—are much smaller than Starbucks, which has 100,000 employees and 35m customers. Indeed, size has been an issue from the beginning. Starbucks was created in 1971 in Seattle’s Pike Place Market by three hippie-ish coffee enthusiasts. Mr. Schultz joined the company only in1982. Inspired by a visit to Milan in 1983, he had envisaged a chain of coffee bars where customers would chat over their espressos and cappuccinos. Following his dream, Mr. Schultz set up a company he called “Il Giornale”, which grew to a modest three coffee bars. Then, somehow scraping together $ 3.8m (“I didn’t have a dime to my name”), he bought Starbucks from its founders in 1987. Reality long ago surpassed the dream. Since Starbucks went public in 1992, its stock has soared by some 6,400%. The company is now in 37 different countries. No doubt the coffee snobs will blanch at the prospect. Yet they miss three points. The first is that, thanks to Starbucks, today’s Americans are no longer condemned to drink the insipid, over- percolated brew that their parents endured. The second, less recognised, is that because Starbucks has created a mass taste for good coffee, small, family-owned coffee houses have also prospered (and no one has ever accused Starbucks, with its $ 4 lattes, of undercutting the competition). The most important point, however, is that Mr. Schultz’s Starbucks cultivates a relationship with its Customers. Its stores sell carefully selected CD-compilations, such as Ray Charles’s “Genius Loves Company”. Later this year the company will promote a new film, “Akeelah and the Bee”, and will take a share of the profits. There are plans to promote books: Customers can even pay with their Starbucks “Duetto” Visa card. Short of some health scare that would bracket coffee with nicotine, there is no obvious reason why Starbucks should trip up, however ambitious its plans and however misconceived the occasional project. Mr. Schultz says: “I think we have the licence from our customers to do more.” The key is that each Starbucks coffee house should remain “a third place”, between home and work, fulfilling the same role as those Italian coffee houses that so inspired him 23 years ago. 1. What does the author mean by “Starbucks is distinctly second division compared with big leaguers like, say, McDonald’s”? According to Mr. Shultz, what is the reason for that? 2. What is Mr. Schultz’s “personal crusade”? What made him so devoted to it? 3. What does Mr. Shultz mean by “I think we have the license from our customers to do more”? (Para.10). Give some examples.
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单选题The author cites the dog as an example of artificial selection because of all the following statements EXCEPT that ______.A
Dogs are domestic animalsB
The dog is one of nature’s survivorsC
Breeders register dogs to obtain a pedigreeD
Humans have been the primary agents in dog evolution
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问答题Practice 5 “The US governs the international system to protect its own economy. It is not in charge of protecting other economies.” Soros says. “So when America goes into recession, you have anti- recessionary (反衰退的) policies. When other countries are in recession, they don’t have the ability to engage in anti-recessionary policies because they can’t have a permissive monetary policy. because money would flee.” In person, he has the air of a philosophy professor rather than a gimlet-eyed (目光敏锐的) financier. In a soft voice which bears the faces of his native Hungary. he argues that it is time to rewrite the so-called Washington consensus—the cocktail of liberalization, privatization and fiscal rectitude which the IMF has been preaching for 15 years. Developing countries no longer have the freedom to run their own economies, he argues, even when they follow perfectly sound policies. He cites Brazil, which although it has a floating currency and manageable public debt was paying ten times over the odds to borrow from capital markets. Soros credits the anti-globalization movement for having made companies more sensitive to their wider responsibilities. “I think [the protesters] have made an important contribution by making people aware of the flaws of the system,” he says. “People on the street had an impact on public opinion and corporations which sell to the public responded to that.” Because the IMF has abandoned billion dollar bailouts(紧急融资)for troubled economies, he thinks a repeat of the Asian crisis is unlikely. The fund ‘s new “tough love” policy—for which Argentina is the guinea pig——has other consequences. The bailouts were a welfare system for Wall Street, with western taxpayers rescuing the banks from the consequences of unwise lending to emerging economies. Now the IMF has drawn a line in the sand, credit to poor countries is drying up. “It has created a new problem-the inadequacy of the flow of capital from center to the periphery(外围),” he says.
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单选题The author cites the number of people living in Paris primarily in order to ______.A
conclude her experience on a positive noteB
indicate the size of the cityC
define what percentage of the French population are ParisiansD
demonstrate her knowledge of French cultureE
emphasize her degree of solitude
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单选题The author cites bicycle here to depict that _____.A
bicycle is preferred in the case of transportation in short distanceB
bicycle is still popular even in rich countriesC
bicycle can give better exercises to human’s bodies despite of some defectsD
bicycle is more risky without protection equipment
考题
单选题请阅读 Passage 2，完成第 26~30小题。Passage 2Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S. excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag-when the job is done, they earned it.Now there is a similar challenge-global warming. The steady deterioration of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. is losing. Indeed, if America is fighting at all, it's fighting on the wrong side. The U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbomly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival ofa country's coasts and farms, the health ofits people and stability ofits economy.The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its plans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken America's growth. But let's assume that those mterested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 years. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes short-time profit with long-range objective and blends pragmatism with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelmmg, says Fred Krupp. But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before.What does the passage mainly discuss?A
Human wars.B
Economic crisis.C
America 's environmental policies.D
Global environment in general.
考题
单选题Adam’s dog, a golden retriever named Hans, can respond to over 150 different commands. Adam cites this fact as evidence for his claim that Hans can understand the English language. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on Adam’s claim that Hans can understand the English language?A
Each of the 150 commands to which Hans responds involves both a spoken word in English and a distinctive hand sign.B
Hans does not respond to the same commands when spoken to him by Adam’s French and Italian friends in their own languages.C
Scientists have demonstrated conclusively that canine vocal chords are incapable of replicating many of the sounds used in the English language.D
Animal behaviorists have demonstrated that even very young dogs surpass both wolves and chimpanzees—animals that are thought to be more intelligent than dogs—in the ability to understand human nonverbal communication.E
The golden retriever is widely considered to be less intelligent than the border collie, and no border collie has ever been shown to truly understand the English language.
考题
单选题Since there are so many cars on the road, _____ many hours to complete a short journey at peak times in some major cites.A
people will makeB
we may costC
driving should spendD
it can take
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