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Practice 10 What we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday I “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics—whether ancient Romans，seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained an increasing number of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands. The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England—especially Connecticut and Massachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and the portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States' population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to original thirteen. During these years, the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by camera.
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更多 “问答题Practice 10 What we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday I “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics—whether ancient Romans，seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained an increasing number of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands. The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England—especially Connecticut and Massachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and the portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States' population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to original thirteen. During these years, the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by camera.” 相关考题
考题
Who is the representative of the school of art for art’s sake at the Victorian Age?
A.Robert BrowningB.Samuel JohnsonC.Thomas HardyD.Oscar Wilde
考题
.［A］ Thus a joke is laughed at for its own sake, even though there is an independent value in laughter, which lightens our lives by taking us momentarily outside ourselves. Why should not something similar be said of works of art, many of which aspire to be amusing in just the way that good jokes are?［B］ All discussion of the value of art tends, therefore, to turn from the outset in the direction of criticism: Can there be genuine critical evaluation of art, a genuine distinction between that which deserves our attention and that which does not? (And, once again, the question may be extended to objects of natural beauty.)［C］ Art is held to be a form. of education, perhaps an education of the emotions. In this case, it becomes an open question whether there might not be some more effective means to the same result. Alternatively, one may attribute a negative value to art, as Plato did in his Republic, arguing that art has a corrupting or diseducative effect on those exposed to it.［D］ Artistic appreciation, a purely personal matter, calls for appropriate means of expression. Yet, it is before anything a process of “cultivation”, during which a certain part of one’s “inner self” is “dug out” and some knowledeg of the outside world becomes its match.［E］ If I am amused it is for a reason, and this reason lies in the object of my amusement. We thus begin to think in terms of a distinction between good and bad reasons for laughter. Amusement at the wrong things may seem to us to show corruption of mind, cruelty, or bad taste; and when it does so, we speak of the object as not truly amusing, and feel that we have reason on our side.［F］ Such thinkers and writers believe that art is not only an end in itself but also a sufficient justification of itself. They also hold that in order to understand art as it should be understood, it is necessary to put aside all interests other than an interest in the work itself.
考题
In the years after the Civil War most American painters received their training in Europe, the majority studying in the French schools at Paris or Barbizon, and a smaller number in Germany at Munich(慕尼黑) and Dusseldorf(杜塞尔多夫). The teaching of the Barbizon school, which stressed the use of color and the creation of an impression or a mood, influenced many American artists. One group of American painters, led by James McNeill Whistler and John Singer Sargent, expatriated(移居国外) themselves from the American scene and settled in Europe. Whistler, who is often ranked as the greatest genius(天才) in the history of American art, was a versatile(多才多艺的) and industrious(勤奋的) artist who was equally proficient(熟练的) in several media-oil, watercolor, etching(铜版画)-and with several themes-portraits and his so-called nocturnes(夜景画), impressionistic sketches(印象画) of moonlight on water and other scenes. He was one of the first to appreciate the beauty of Japanese color prints and to introduce Oriental concepts into Western art.1. For a period after the Civil War, the majority of American painters ____.A、was influenced by the Barbizon schoolB、painted in the impressionist styleC、studied art in EuropeD、used striking color in their work2. According to the passage, one group of American painters ____.A、left America never to returnB、turned their back on the American art traditionC、copied the style. of Whistler and SargentD、were unaffected by the European style. of painting3. From the passage we are led to believe that Whistler ____.A、did much of his painting at nightB、produced a large number of picturesC、combined several media and themes in his paintingsD、was most proficient in impressionistic sketches4. According to the passage, Whistler was one of the first Western painters to ____.A、use Japanese ideas in his own workB、become interested in Japanese printingC、admire Japanese oil paintingsD、start producing Japanese sketches5. The main theme of this passage is ____.A、Whistlers influence on Western artB、The influence of European art on American paintersC、The influence of Oriental art on WhistlerD、The American painters influence in Europe
考题
Which of the following statements is NOT true?（ ）[A] Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.[B] The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.[C] The art market generally went downward in various ways.[D] Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.
考题
The most appropriate title for this text could be __.（ ）[A] Fluctuation of Art Prices[B] Up-to-date Art Auctions[C] Art Market in Decline[D] Shifted Interest in Arts
考题
Questions 106-110 refer to the following passage.
Downtown Artisan' Club Art Exhibit
Please mark Saturday, October 21, on your calendars so that you can attend the inaugural Downtown Artisan's Club Art Exhibit!
There will be beautiful works of art and pottery, crafted by the Downtown Artisan's Club,available for showing as well as for sale. The remarkably talented young artists have worked all summer to prepare for this event, which promises to impress and astound. Visitors will have an op-portunity to meet these talented artists. All proceeds from this event will be contributed to the continued operations of the Downtown Artisan's Club, which provides amazing classes and support for young artists.
Tickets are on sale now and are available for $10(adults) and $5(students and seniors).
Children under the age of 12 will be admitted for free.
The Downtown Artisan's Club looks forward to seeing you there! Please contact Jim at (905) 412-8980 for more information.
Downtown Artisan's Club Art Exhibit
Deadline for your art submission!
To all our talented young artists -- get ready for our upcoming Art Exhibit!As you all know-- our Downtown Artisan's Club Art Exhibit is coming up exactly one month from today.
Paintings, drawings, sculptures and writing will be needed -- for both the show and the sale!
Don't forget to have them completed and handed in by next Friday to secure your spot in our show.
Remember, there will also be cash awards, judged by our panel of art critics, and the winning pieces will be featured in our Art Book. The artists of the winning pieces will also be invited to at-tend the 2-week summer art camp in Paris next summer.
Have fun and please submit your artwork on time!
For whom is the announcement intended?A.Artists
B.Residents
C.Jim
D.Judges
考题
Text 1 The longest bull run in a century of artmarket history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst,Beautiful Inside My Head Forever,at Sotheby's in London on September 15th,2008.All but two pieces sold,fetching more than￡70m,a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last victory.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003.At its peak in 2007 it was worth some$65 billion,reckons Clare McAndrew,founder of Arts Economics,a research firm—double the figure five years earlier.Since then it may have come down to$50 billion.But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos,greed,passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst's sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms.Sales of contemporary art fell by twothirds,and in the most overheated sector,they were down by nearly 90%in the year to November 2008.Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses,Sotheby's and Christie's,had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989.This time experts reckon that prices are about 40%down on their peak on average,though some have been far more fluctuant.But Edward Dolman,Christie's chief executive,says:“I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last,he says,is that there are still buyers in the market.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Ds—death,debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.
In the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as“a last victory”because_____A.the art market had witnessed a succession of victories
B.the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
C.Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces
D.it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
考题
Text 1 The longest bull run in a century of artmarket history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst,Beautiful Inside My Head Forever,at Sotheby's in London on September 15th,2008.All but two pieces sold,fetching more than￡70m,a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last victory.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003.At its peak in 2007 it was worth some$65 billion,reckons Clare McAndrew,founder of Arts Economics,a research firm—double the figure five years earlier.Since then it may have come down to$50 billion.But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos,greed,passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst's sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms.Sales of contemporary art fell by twothirds,and in the most overheated sector,they were down by nearly 90%in the year to November 2008.Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses,Sotheby's and Christie's,had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989.This time experts reckon that prices are about 40%down on their peak on average,though some have been far more fluctuant.But Edward Dolman,Christie's chief executive,says:“I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last,he says,is that there are still buyers in the market.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Ds—death,debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008
B.The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum
C.The market generally went downward in various ways
D.Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come
考题
Text 4 Shortly after The Economist went to press,about 25,000 people were expected to rurn up at the London Art Fair.Your correspondent visited just before,as 128 white booths were being filled with modern paintings and sculptures.Dealers clutched mobile phones to their ears or gathered in small groups.They seemed nervous-as well they might be."I can eam a year's living in one fair,"said one harried dealer while stringing up a set oflights.Before 1999 London had just one regular contemporary art fair,remembers Will Ramsay,boss of the expanding Affordable Art Fair.This year around 20 will be held in Britain,mostly in the capitaL Roughly 90 will take place worldwide:The success of larger events such as Frieze,which started in London,has stimulated the growth of smaller fairs specialising in craft work,ceramics and other things.Art14,which started last year,specialises in less well-known intemational galleries,showing art from Sub-Saharan Africa,South Korea and Hong Kong.One explanation for the boom is the overall growth of the modern-art market.Four fifihs of all art sold at auction worldwide last year was from the 20th or 21st century,according to Artprice,a database.In November an auction in New York of modern and contemporary art made$691m（￡422m）,easily breaking the previous record.As older art becomes harder to buy-much ofit is locked up in museums-demand for recent works is rising.London's art market in particular has been boosted by an influx of rich immigrants from Russia,China and the Middle East."When I started 23 years ago I had not a single non-Western foreign buyer,"says Kenny Schachter,an art dealer."It's a different world now."And London's new rich buy arl differently.They ofien spend little time in the capital and do not know it well.Traipsing around individual galleries is inconvenient,particularly as galleries have moved out of central London.The mall-like set-up of a fair is much more suitable.Commercial galleries used to rely on regular visits from rich Britons seeking to fumish their stately homes.Many were family friends.The new art buyers have no such loyalty.People now visit galleries mainly to go to events and to be seen,says Alan Cristea,a gallery owner on Cork street in Mayfair.Fairs,and the parties that spring up around them,are much better places to be spotted.Some galleries are feeling squeezed.Bemard Jacobson runs a gallery opposite Mr Cristea.The changing art market reminds him ofwhen his father,a chemist,was eclipsed by Boots,a pharmaceutical chain,in the 1960s.Seven galleries in Cork Street relocated this month to make way for a redevelopment;five more may follow later this year.Yet the rise ofthe fairs means galleries no longer require prime real estate,thinks Sarah Monk of the London Art Fair.With an intemational clientele,many can work online or from home.Although some art fairs still require their exhibitors to have a gallery space,increasingly these are small places outside central London or beyond the city altogether.One gallery owner says few rich customers ever visit his shop in south London.He makes all his contacts at the booths he sets up at fairs,which might be twice the sizc of his store."It's a little like fishing:'he explains."You move to where the pike is."
Art fairs are expanding prosperously in that______.A.the cost ofholding an art fair becomes affordable
B.cross-trade galleries take place worldwide
C.contemporary art market is growing faster than before
D.the rapid growth of the modern art market is mainly in developing countries
考题
Text 1 The longest bull run in a century of artmarket history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst,Beautiful Inside My Head Forever,at Sotheby's in London on September 15th,2008.All but two pieces sold,fetching more than￡70m,a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last victory.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003.At its peak in 2007 it was worth some$65 billion,reckons Clare McAndrew,founder of Arts Economics,a research firm—double the figure five years earlier.Since then it may have come down to$50 billion.But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos,greed,passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst's sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms.Sales of contemporary art fell by twothirds,and in the most overheated sector,they were down by nearly 90%in the year to November 2008.Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses,Sotheby's and Christie's,had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989.This time experts reckon that prices are about 40%down on their peak on average,though some have been far more fluctuant.But Edward Dolman,Christie's chief executive,says:“I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last,he says,is that there are still buyers in the market.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Ds—death,debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.
The most appropriate title for this text could be____A.Fluctuation of Art Prices
B.Uptodate Art Auctions
C.Art Market in Decline
D.Shifted Interest in Arts
考题
We explicitly make allowance for the fact that production
.______when the artist dies, implying that the collectors can be sure that in the future no new similar pieces of art will put pressure on the prices in this specific market segment.A.confines
B.conforms
C.ceases
D.continues
考题
共用题干
Changes in MuseumsMuseums have changed.They are no longer places that one"should"visit;they are places to enjoy and learn.At a science museum in Ontario,Canada,you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body.At the Metropolitan（大城市的）Museum of Art in New York City , you can look at the seventeenth century instruments while listening to their music.At New York's American Museum of Natural History recently,you can help make a bone-by- bone reproduction of the museum's dinosaur（恐 龙）,a beast that lived 200 million years ago.More and more museum directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing.In many science museums,for example,there are no guided tours.The visitor is encouraged to touch,listen,operate,and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world of science.The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it,and those who fear science will not use it to best advantage.One cause of all these changes is the increase in wealth and leisure time.Another cause is the rising percentage of young people in the population.Many of these young people are college students or college graduates.Leon F.Twiggs,a young black professor of art once said,"They see things in a new and different way.They are not satisfied to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate（参加）in."The same is true of science and history.In America today,all science museums are open to the public and free.A:Right B:WrongC:Not mentioned
考题
共用题干
Changes in MuseumsMuseums have changed.They are no longer places that one"should"visit;they are places to enjoy and learn.At a science museum in Ontario,Canada,you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body.At the Metropolitan（大城市的）Museum of Art in New York City , you can look at the seventeenth century instruments while listening to their music.At New York's American Museum of Natural History recently,you can help make a bone-by- bone reproduction of the museum's dinosaur（恐 龙）,a beast that lived 200 million years ago.More and more museum directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing.In many science museums,for example,there are no guided tours.The visitor is encouraged to touch,listen,operate,and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world of science.The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it,and those who fear science will not use it to best advantage.One cause of all these changes is the increase in wealth and leisure time.Another cause is the rising percentage of young people in the population.Many of these young people are college students or college graduates.Leon F.Twiggs,a young black professor of art once said,"They see things in a new and different way.They are not satisfied to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate（参加）in."The same is true of science and history.Young people who are well-educated like the art they can participate in.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
考题
问答题Expressionism Expressionism is an art movement that produced a wealth of wonderful works of art, and the lives of the artists who created them were no less colorful and exciting. The word expressionism can be used to describe art from different times and places, most of them were part of a movement that took place in Germany from 1905 to 1920. They shared some of the beliefs. Those beliefs were that art should try to change society, to make it less conservative. It should express the energy of nature—following in the footsteps of Vincent van Gogh—-and personal feeling rather than simply representing nature. It should feel uncomfortable, which means it should challenge the traditional ways of looking at the world. This differed from the opinion of Henri Matisse who believed that art should be comfortable. Expressionist art should be inspired by folk art, and the art of what were then called primitive people, for example from Africa. The aim of the Expressionists was to express personal feeling about what they were painting rather than representing it exactly as it was. It should have strong colors and shapes, be relatively direct, untutored and unplanned and should still contain recognizable things, but not be realistic. The lines could be distorted, and the colors could be strengthened or changed as in the art movement that began in 1905 called Fauvism. Expressionism was more than a style in painting. It could be found in theatre and cinema, literature and architecture. It was a sharing of ideas and experiences across all these media. The life stories of the Expressionist artists show just how much they had in common. Many began by studying applied art, such as furniture design, often to please their parents. Although they later made more personal art, they continued to make use of those technical skills. Both art critics and the public received this new movement with derision and outrage. Expressionist artists were trying to shock by challenging the traditional, conservative views held by many people. Gradually, however, it became accepted and even admired. All the Expressionists were affected by World War I (1914-18). Some fled from Germany and spent the war years in exile. Some never returned to their homeland. Most served in the war and some were killed. At first some of them hoped a war would change society for the better but they were soon disillusioned when they saw the destruction and suffering that it caused. In the years after the war, many Expressionist artist revealed the horrors they experienced in their work. After World War I, Expressionism became very fashionable in Germany, where art was allowed to flourish. This freedom ended in 1933 when Hitler declared all Expressionists were degenerate. This led to them being sacked from their jobs or forced to leave Germany. In 1937 the Nazis took thousands of art works from German museums and put them in an enormous exhibition called the Degenerate Art Exhibition, to show how bad and decadent this art was. It presented a view of the world that went against their political and cultural ambitions to rid Germany of all inferior races.
考题
单选题—I think science is more useful than art.—I disagree. I think art is _____ science.A
not so useful asB
less useful thanC
the most useful ofD
as useful as
考题
单选题The passage asserts which of the following about commercial art?A
There are many examples of commercial art whose artistic merit is equal to that of great works of art of the past.B
Commercial art is heavily influenced by whatever doctrines are fashionable in the serious art world of the time.C
The line between commercial art and great art lies primarily in how an image is used, not in the motivation for its creation.D
The pervasiveness of contemporary commercial art has led art historians to undervalue representational skills.
考题
单选题American artists learnt about the new movement in European art through all means EXCEPT _____.A
trips to EuropeB
exhibitions held in the StatesC
lectures given by successful artists such as the photographer Affred StieglitzD
the Armory Show of 1913
考题
单选题Today, many cultures divide music（）art music and music of the people.A
fromB
intoC
overD
beneath
考题
单选题What is the passage mainly about?A
The development of European art.B
Modern art development in the United States.C
Modern artists in the United States.D
Modernism and Cubism.
考题
问答题What we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday I “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics — whether ancient Romans，seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans — have always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained an increasing number of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands.
考题
单选题The passage is mainly discussing _____.A
the difference between general history and art historyB
the making of art historyC
what we can learn from artD
the influence of artists on art history
考题
问答题Practice 10 What we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday I “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics—whether ancient Romans，seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained an increasing number of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands. The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England—especially Connecticut and Massachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and the portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States' population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to original thirteen. During these years, the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by camera.
考题
问答题Practice 10 We learned from your advertisement in Globe Boston that you are an exporter of glass art works and we are availing ourselves of this opportunity to ask you to send us some samples of the advertised products. Our firm is a company engaged in import/ export of arts and crafts. Recent years we have put more interest in glass art works. We are thinking of expanding our business to the US and hope we will establish business relations with you soon.
考题
单选题According to the talk, for what is the Glasgow School of Art famous?A
Its educational faculty.B
Its collection of art works.C
Its architectural design.D
Its museums and art galleries.
考题
问答题Practice 1Expressionism Expressionism is an art movement that produced a wealth of wonderful works of art, and the lives of the artists who created them were no less colorful and exciting. The word “expressionism” can be used to describe art from different times and places, most of them were part of a movement that took place in Germany from 1905 to 1920. They shared some of the beliefs. Those beliefs were that art should try to change society, to make it less conservative. It should express the energy of nature—following in the footsteps of Vincent van Gogh—-and personal feeling rather than simply representing nature. It should feel “uncomfortable”, which means it should challenge the traditional ways of looking at the world. This differed from the opinion of Henri Matisse who believed that art should be “comfortable”. Expressionist art should be inspired by folk art, and the art of what were then called “primitive” people, for example from Africa. The aim of the Expressionists was to express personal feeling about what they were painting rather than representing it exactly as it was. It should have strong colors and shapes, be relatively direct, untutored and unplanned and should still contain recognizable things, but not be realistic. The lines could be distorted, and the colors could be strengthened or changed as in the art movement that began in 1905 called Fauvism. Expressionism was more than a style in painting. It could be found in theatre and cinema, literature and architecture. It was a sharing of ideas and experiences across all these media. The life stories of the Expressionist artists show just how much they had in common. Many began by studying applied art, such as furniture design, often to please their parents. Although they later made more personal art, they continued to make use of those technical skills. Both art critics and the public received this new movement with derision and outrage. Expressionist artists were trying to shock by challenging the traditional, conservative views held by many people. Gradually, however, it became accepted and even admired. All the Expressionists were affected by World War I (1914-18). Some fled from Germany and spent the war years in exile. Some never returned to their homeland. Most served in the war and some were killed. At first some of them hoped a war would change society for the better but they were soon disillusioned when they saw the destruction and suffering that it caused. In the years after the war, many Expressionist artist revealed the horrors they experienced in their work. After World War I, Expressionism became very fashionable in Germany, where art was allowed to flourish. This freedom ended in 1933 when Hitler declared all Expressionists were “degenerate”. This led to them being sacked from their jobs or forced to leave Germany. In 1937 the Nazis took thousands of art works from German museums and put them in an enormous exhibition called the Degenerate Art Exhibition, to show how bad and decadent this art was. It presented a view of the world that went against their political and cultural ambitions to rid Germany of all inferior races.
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