自学考试 2022_01_03 每日一练
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
What are the specific traits that will assist executives to climb the ladder of success? Opinions vary widely. Given approximately equal qualifications and circumstances，some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck-being in the right place at the right time. Others speak of an almost crazy devotion to work，combined with a degree of ruthlessness. One “expert” maintains that it's undoubtedly a matter of how much education your mother had.
To make it big，executives must possess four basic skills：
First，drive. Business success takes an unusual amount of energy. A successful executive-almost by definition-is a striver. He will get tense when he is not striving.
Second，people sense. Some say being able to judge people is more important than a high IQ. The skill can be instinctual(本能的)，but in most cases it is painstakingly learned.
Third，communications ability. Different executives make themselves understood in different ways. Some transmit ideas best face to face；others are masters of the telephone call；still others are persuasive writers. One way or another，they all communicate clearly.
Fourth，calm under pressure. No businessman will get very far if he chokes up.
Some people claim that besides hard work，the success also requires______.
A. equal qualifications
B. specific traits
C. much education
D. a degree of cruelty
As used in this passage，the word “valid” in the second paragraph means______
A. foreign
B. 1egal
C. monetary
D. illegal