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共用题干
Kicking the Habit

What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomnes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their
answers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same
test again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change out ways,but after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to re-
spond in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our bad habits also become automatic,learned behaviour.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.

Bad habits may return when we are under pressure.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

参考答案

参考解析
解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒除早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒除坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段第一句话说最近一项关于人类记忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝 试着改变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认 为已经戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that..."，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。他们只能给出第一 组的单词，他们表现出完全忘了第二组单词的样子。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测 试要难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象。尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。题干中的说法“研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应很困难”没有提及。故选C。
由文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无意识的习得性行为。 这对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻 时染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。第3部分：概括大意与完成句子
更多 “共用题干 Kicking the HabitWhat is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad habits are part of what makes us human.Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it becomes a part of our life,and becomnes"programmed"into our brain.A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their answers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same test again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of words.They appeared to have completely forgottenthe second set.The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may try to change out ways,but after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to re- spond in any other way.The study therefore suggests that over time,our bad habits also become automatic,learned behaviour. This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.Bad habits may return when we are under pressure.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned ” 相关考题
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考题 共用题干 第一篇Don't Be WorkaholicWorkaholic and working hard are quite different.Working hard involves being organized,focused,getting a lot of work done,knowing when to stop,and having a life other than work.Workaholics,on the other hand,are often disorganized,always find reasons for working more,feel lost without work to do,hide from problems through work, don't know how or when to relax,bring work home from the office,can't communicate well with fellow workers and family members and have unbalanced,one-dimensional lives.Workaholics,like those who are constantly drunk,suffer from a controlling habit,usually defined as compelling behavior despite negative consequences.They are sometimes pushed into their habit by their work beliefs,by workaholic role models,and by a work system that automatically sanctions workaholism,Despite lip service to the contrary,most employers want loyal employees who work longer hours,rewarding them with higher pay and better benefits.In many companies,workers unwilling to burn the midnight oil are at risk.Certainly,they hazard their jobs by working normal hours.Americans tend to become trapped in a working and spending consumption mode,driven by merchants,that leads them to rack up their expectations.According to some psychology counselors,workaholism can be both good and bad for us.It can fuel a sense of self-worth and accomplishment. And we get paid for it and praised for it,which produces good feelings we may not necessarily be able to attain in other parts of our lives.According to the passage,which of the following descriptions about workaholics is correct?A:They are constantly drunk.B:They suffer from a controlling habit.C:Their behaviors have only negative consequences.D:They all suffer mental diseases.
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考题 共用题干 Kicking the HabitWhat is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad habits are part of what makes us human.Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an- swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same testagain.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten the second set.The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond in any other way.The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior. This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.The study suggests that it is more difficult to respond to what we learn first?A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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考题 共用题干 Kicking the HabitWhat is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad habits are part of what makes us human.Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an- swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same testagain.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten the second set.The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond in any other way.The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior. This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.We can only break bad habits if others tell us to do so.A:RightB:WrongC:Not nientioned
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考题 共用题干 Kicking the HabitWhat is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad habits are part of what makes us human.Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an- swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same testagain.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten the second set.The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond in any other way.The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior. This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.Boys usually develop bad habits when they are very young.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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考题 共用题干 Kicking the HabitWhat is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad habits are part of what makes us human.Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an- swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same testagain.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten the second set.The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond in any other way.The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior. This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.If we develop bad habits early in life,they are harder to get rid of.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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考题 共用题干 Kicking the HabitWhat is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad habits are part of what makes us human.Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an- swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same testagain.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten the second set.The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond in any other way.The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior. This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.The volunteers found the test more difficult when they did it the second time.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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考题 共用题干 第三篇Archive Gallery: The Best of Bionics（仿生学）Humans might be the most highly-evolved species on the planet,but most animals possess skills we canonly dream of having.Imagine how much electricity we could save if we could see in the dark the way cats do. Imagine leaping from tree to tree like a monkey.Giraffes（长颈鹿）,which are otherwise calm and good-natured,sleep only 4.6 hours a day.We realized a long,long time ago that nature provides the best blueprint（蓝图）for invention.We've borrowed canals from beavers（河狸）and reflectors from cat's eyes.Although the words "bionics" became popular only after the 1960s,history shows that nature has always provided ideas on solving everyday prob- lems. Our archives（档案）don't go back to the time of Leonardo da Vinci and his bird-like flying machines, but we can take you to the late 19th century,where we applied those same principles for building our firstpractical airplanes.To prepare for their flight at Kitty Hawk,the Wright brothers studied the movements of pigeons to figure out how they stayed high up when they were heavier than air. Their success inspired scores of successors to improve on the airplane by studying various aspects of nature,One of Orville Wright’、pupils caught and stuffed seagulls to examine their wingspan.Meanwhile,two French inventors examined spinning sycamore（美 国梧桐）seeds in an effort to apply those same motions,reversed,to a helicopter.Some examples are more obvious than others.The outside of the airplane designed by the Wright brothers looks like a minimalistic（简单抽象艺术）structure. On the other hand , Barney Connett ' s fishsubmarine（潜水艇）actually looks like a fish.Some bio-inspired concepts have yet to be invented.In the 1960s，the US Army commissioned several university professors to conduct research on the motor skills of animals in hope of applying those same abili- ties to tanks. Tanks that run like horses or jump like grasshoppers（蚂昨）一sounds shocking,doesn't it? But imagine how life would change if we could achieve that. Which of the following is true about the research carried out by the US Army?A:It has changed our life.B:It has cost a large sum of money.C:It has improved the abilities of tanks. D:It has not succeeded yet.
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考题 共用题干 Some Things We Know About LanguageMany things about language are a mystery,and many will always remain so.But some things we do know.First , we know that all human beings have a language of some sort.There is no race（种族）of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language,no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another.Furthermore,in historical times,there has never been a race of men without a language. Second,there is no such thing as a primitive（原始的）language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped,who are,as we say,uncivilized,but the languages they speak are not primitive.In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing. This has not always been well understood;indeed,the direct contrary has often been stated.Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense.There are,or were, hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate.That is,each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language. Finally,we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look backward in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language.Grammatical features change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly.Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.The author argues that we do know some things about language in______aspects.A:three B:fourC:five D:six
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考题 共用题干 Some Things We Know About LanguageMany things about language are a mystery,and many will always remain so.But some things we do know.First , we know that all human beings have a language of some sort.There is no race（种族）of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language,no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another.Furthermore,in historical times,there has never been a race of men without a language. Second,there is no such thing as a primitive（原始的）language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped,who are,as we say,uncivilized,but the languages they speak are not primitive.In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing. This has not always been well understood;indeed,the direct contrary has often been stated.Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense.There are,or were, hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate.That is,each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language. Finally,we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look backward in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language.Grammatical features change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly.Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.According to the author,language changes are most likely to occur in______.A:grammar B:pronunciationC:vocabulary D:intonation
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考题 共用题干 Some Things We Know About LanguageMany things about language are a mystery,and many will always remain so.But some things we do know.First,we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language,no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore,in historical times,there has never been a race of men without a language.Second,there is no such thing as a primitive language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped,who are,as we say,uncivilized,but the languages they speak are not primitive .In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing.This has not always been well understood;indeed,the direct contrary has often been stated.Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense .There are,or were,hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language.Finally,we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look backward in time.Change goes on in all aspects of language.Grammatical teatures change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rap-idly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language. According to the author,language changes are most likely to occur in______.A: grammarB: pronunciationC: vocabularyD: intonation
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考题 共用题干 Some Things We Know About LanguageMany things about language are a mystery,and many will always remain so.But some things we do know.First,we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language,no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore,in historical times,there has never been a race of men without a language.Second,there is no such thing as a primitive language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped,who are,as we say,uncivilized,but the languages they speak are not primitive .In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing.This has not always been well understood;indeed,the direct contrary has often been stated.Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense .There are,or were,hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language.Finally,we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look backward in time.Change goes on in all aspects of language.Grammatical teatures change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rap-idly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language. The author has used American Indian languages as an example to show that they are______.A: just as old as some well-known languagesB: just as sophisticated as some well-known languagesC: more developed than some well-known languagesD: more complex than some well-known languages
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考题 共用题干 Kicking the HabitWhat is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad habits are part of what makes us human.Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it becomes a part of our life,and becomnes"programmed"into our brain.A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their answers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same test again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of words.They appeared to have completely forgottenthe second set.The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may try to change out ways,but after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to re- spond in any other way.The study therefore suggests that over time,our bad habits also become automatic,learned behaviour. This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.Boys usually develop bad habits when they are very young.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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考题 共用题干 Some Things We Know About LanguageMany things about language are a mystery,and many will always remain so.But some things we do know.First,we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language,no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore,in historical times,there has never been a race of men without a language.Second,there is no such thing as a primitive language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped,who are,as we say,uncivilized,but the languages they speak are not primitive .In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing.This has not always been well understood;indeed,the direct contrary has often been stated.Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense .There are,or were,hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language.Finally,we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look backward in time.Change goes on in all aspects of language.Grammatical teatures change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rap-idly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language. In the second paragraph the passage tells us that______.A: some backward race doesn't have a language of its ownB: some race in history didn't possess a language of its ownC: any human race,whether backward or not,has a languageD: some races on earth can communicate without language
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考题 共用题干 Kicking the HabitWhat is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad habits are part of what makes us human.Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it becomes a part of our life,and becomnes"programmed"into our brain.A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their answers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same test again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of words.They appeared to have completely forgottenthe second set.The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may try to change out ways,but after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to re- spond in any other way.The study therefore suggests that over time,our bad habits also become automatic,learned behaviour. This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.We can only break bad habits if others tell us to do so.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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考题 问答题Practice 1　　No one knows what time itself is. We cannot see it. We cannot touch it. We cannot hear it. We know it only by the way we mark its passing. For all our success in measuring the tiniest parts of time, time remains one of the great mysteries of the universe.　　One way of thinking about time is to imagine a world without time. There could be no movement, because time and movement cannot be separated. A world without time could exist only as long as there were no changes. For time and change are linked. When something changes, you know time has passed.
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