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The main idea of the first paragraph is _____.
［A］ the importance of cultural tools and technology
［B］ the cultural influence of the development of civilization
［C］ the focus of the study of the material culture of music
［D］ the significance of the research into the musical instruments
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更多 “ The main idea of the first paragraph is _____.［A］ the importance of cultural tools and technology［B］ the cultural influence of the development of civilization［C］ the focus of the study of the material culture of music［D］ the significance of the research into the musical instruments ” 相关考题
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() is a term used to describe the anxiety and feelings (of surprise, disorientation, confusion, etc.) felt when people have to operate within an entirely different cultural or social environment, such as a different country or a different state than where they live.A、Cultural shockB、Culture surpriseC、AcculturationD、Unsuccessful communication
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The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
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根据下列文章，回答41～45题。Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41～45), choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. ______（41）______ .American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.______（42）______ .In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology._____（43）______.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. ______（44）______.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.______（45）______.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.A．Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.B．In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.C．He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.D．They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.E．Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.F．Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.G．For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred se请选择(41)处最佳答案（ ）。{Page}
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Developing reliable software on time and within(66)represents a difficult endeavor for many organizations.Usually business solutions have three main aspects: people,(67),and technology. The main reason for failing software projects has little to do with technology and tools, and much to do with lack of process(68). Experience has shown that introducing new technology and tools in an immature or undisciplined environment is likely to increase the chaos. CASE tools are not enough. "A fool with a tool is still a fool !"Structured method was the first wave of the software industry. This was the beginning of transforming software development from a"(69)industry" to mass production. Software process movement if the second wave in the software industry. The process maturity movement prepares the way for the third wave of the software industry :"software industrialization". Software development will become like an assembly and manufacturing process. A cfiticalenabling factor is adisciplined software engineering . process with predictable quality,(70)and functionality.A．forecastB．preparationC．budgetD．economy
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By saying that "the problems of mechanizing some areas are not only cultural in nature", the author means______.A) mechanization is not yet introduced in some areas for economic reasonsB) human and animal labour in some areas are less expensiveC)culture is not a factor in obstacling the introduction of mechanizationD) different kinds of mechanized fanning tools are used in different cultures
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Developing reliable software on time and within(31)represents a difficult endeavor for many organizations.Usually business solutions have three main aspects:people,(32), and technology. The main reason for failing software projects has little to do with technology and tools, and much to do with lack of process(33). Experience has shown that introducing new technology and tools in an immature or undisciplined environment is likely to increase the chaos. CASE tools are not enough. "A fool with a tool is still a fool?"Structured method was the first wave of the software industry. This was the beginning of transforming software development from a"(34)industry' to mass production. Software process movement if the second wave in the software industry. The process maturity movement prepares the way for the third wave of the software industry: "software industrialization". Software development will become like an assembly and manufacturing process. A critical enabling factor is a disciplined software engineering process with predictable quality,(35)and functionality.A．forecastB．preparationC．budgetD．economy
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Text 4Material culture refers to the touchable, material “things”—physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used—that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to traditional or ethnic features in folk music and are willing to preserve the folk music as we do with many traditional cultural heritage. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture. As always, people’s aspiration will always focus on their individuality rather than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike.One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the “information-revolution”, a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.第36题：Which of the following does not belong to material culture?［A］ Instruments.［B］ Music.［C］ Paintings.［D］ Sheet music.
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From the third paragraph, we may infer that_____.［A］ traditional cultural heritage is worthy of preservation［B］ the universal features shared by all cultures aren’t worthy of notice［C］ musicians pay more attention to the preservation of traditional music［D］ the more developed a culture, the more valuable the music it has fostered
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What is the main idea of this passage?A. It is important to be on time for class in the United States.B. The importance of being on time differs among cultures.C. People learn' the importance of time from the culture they are in.D. Students being late for class should explain the reason to their teacher.
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The moon-landing is mentioned in the first paragraph to illustrate_____.[A] technology cannot solve all of our human problems[B] progress in vaccine research for influenza has lagged behind[C] great achievements have been made by men in exploring the unknown[D] the development of vaccine production methods can not be stopped
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Which of the following can be adopted as a post-reading activity?A.Guessing word meaning from context.
B.Concluding the main idea.
C.Clearing up linguistic and cultural barriers.
D.Rehearse the reading material.
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共用题干
InterviewThe importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist arereflected in several books that have been written on the topic .Most of these books,as well as several chapters,mainly in,but not limited to,journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reportingtexts,stress the"how to"aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview,its context,and,implications.Much of the"how to"material is based on personal experiences and general impressions.As we know,in journalism as in other fields,much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice.Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is,as has been suggested,a growing body of research literature in journalism andbroadcasting,but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand,many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewingin fields other than journalism have been written.Many of these books and articles present thetheoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers.Unhappily,this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalisticinterview seems to be surprising for two reasons.First,it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar,at least in a positive manner,with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview,such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists.In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help.Another familiar situation is the job interview.However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media,particularly by television.And yet,we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers,listeners,and viewers.Even so,true understanding of the journalistic interview,especially television interview,requires thoughtful analysis and even study,as this book indicates.The main idea of the first paragraph is that importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewing.A: RightB: WrongC: Not mentioned
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Questions 116-120 refer to the following passage.
Cross-cultural Communication in Business Negotiations
Business Weekly by Dr. Rod Steiner November 2006
The importance of effective cross-cultural communication during business conferences or ne-gotiations is often unappreciated. And yet it is not just the immediate outcome of the negotiation which is at stake but also the possibility of a positive, ongoing business relationship.
Here's a simple example:"don't mix business and pleasure," we say, thinking ourselves to be efficient and"virtuous". But trying to negotiate with that attitude in some other cultures may well cause consternation in your host. This in turn will result in cross-cultural irritation and may well put future relationships under a cloud. So, the first rule should be to study the culture of the people with whom you are going to negotiate.
Dr. Rod Steiner, assistant lecturer, Department of Business Studies, South Australian Institute of Technology.
South Australian Institute of Technology
Department of Business Studies
44 Berwick St,
Adelaide, Australia 5066
November 24,2006
Dear Dr. Steiner,
I read your article "Cross-cultural Communication in Business Negotiations" with a great deal of interest. I am a postgraduate language/business student at the University of Adelaide, and I have also had some experience living and studying in Japan.
You are absolutely right when you highlight possible"cross-cultural irritation". In our cul-ture, we would never associate business transactions of any type with drinking alcohol and going to nightclubs. However, that's more or less the normal way of doing things in Japan.
I hope to specialize in this area of study -- I mean, in cross-cultural communication – and that's why I have chosen also to study some foreign languages. If you have any suggestions for fur-ther reading, could you please let me know?
Thanks for your attention.
Julie Luddon
What does the article suggest?A.To take a course in international business relationships at the institute
B.Always to be alert of hints that can damage an ongoing business relationship
C.Not to mix business and pleasure when dealing with any culture
D.To know the culture of your business counterpart
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What is the main idea of the last paragraph?___________A.Parental nonintervention will not be praised
B.Nonintervention may be a good policy in international affairs
C.Parents must exercise some control and show some concern about the cultural influence onthe children
D.Parents need to intervene
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Mobiles are considered cultural tools that are
A.______socio-cultural practices and structures in all spheres of life.A.transferring
B.transforming
C.transplanting
D.transmitting
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what does the passage main talk about?A.Surrealist artists.
B.Belgium's economy.
C.Cultural clashes in Belgium.
D.Music in Belgium.
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单选题Which of the following can be adopted as a post-reading activity?A
Guessing word meaning from context.B
Concluding the main idea.C
Clearing up linguistic and cultural barriers.D
Retelling the reading material.
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问答题Modern means of transportation, telecommunication and mass media have shortened the geographical distance of the world. The international community appears to be no more than a global village, in which people of different nations engage themselves in cultural exchange, while seeking common development in harmonious and respectful relationship. I think different cultures should learn from each other’s strengths to offset their own weaknesses. However, we also have to understand that cultural exchange is by no means a process of losing one’s own culture to a foreign one, but a process of enriching each other’s national cultures. Of course, the culture of a nation must withhold its own distinctive national characteristics in its extensive exchange with other cultures, and make contributions to the development of human civilization.
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单选题It could be inferred from the last paragraph that _____.A
culture exercises an influence over social interrelationshipB
courteous convention and individual interest are interrelatedC
various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friendsD
social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
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单选题Technology is to the development of the modern society a matter of（）importance.A
depressingB
compellingC
suppressingD
supreme
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单选题It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the cultural activities in universities will grow if the government and individuals______.A
increase the finance of higher educationB
curtail some cultural activitiesC
open more theatersD
work out some rules for donation
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单选题What is the passage primarily about?A
The first widely published development in modem motivation theory.B
Shifting the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach.C
The importance of careful research.D
The results of a pioneering study at Western Electric.
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单选题The main idea of the first paragraph is that ______.A
traditional universities do a good job serving the societyB
universities must meet the needs of the societyC
research and teaching are of great importance in universitiesD
universities play an important role in our society
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单选题The main idea of the third paragraph is _____.A
how to write a medical research paperB
how to avoid sleep lossC
how the research was conductedD
how to conduct a medical experiment
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单选题The main idea of the first paragraph is that _____.A
bosses are hard to deal withB
bosses have good characterC
bosses determine your career futureD
bosses must have similar personality
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单选题The main idea of the first paragraph is that the car _____.A
can satisfy the demand for speedB
causes waste of spaceC
produces disturbance to other road usersD
is far from perfect for short range movements
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单选题____ does not study meaning in isolation, but in contextA
PragmaticsB
SemanticsC
Cross-cultural communicationD
Syntax
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