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多样性n.
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考题
Tracking Down HIV
In the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removedfrom below his ear. It was Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rarefm of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph node swelling exhaustion.In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who haddiseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doct had a T-cell counttaken of the patient’s blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that playsa key role1 in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells.
By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infectionsrelated to immune system breakdown; four had died. A year later the death tollwas 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnmalities. People who hadreceived blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown. By July1982, 471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS), had been repted; 184 people had died.
In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated thepathogen, disease producer, responsible f2 AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. InParis, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV. An internationalpanel of scientists determined that both men had found the same virus. Itbecame known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood banks began screeningf HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 people had been infected throughblood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV throughblood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AIDS; 295,500 had died.
In 1996, researchers announced drugs that reduced HIV in infectedpeople. Today scientists are testing vaccines believe that if HIV can besuppressed, then perhaps it can be eradicated3, but it is still a race againsttime.
词汇：
spot n. 地点，斑点，斑块，青春痘
lymph n. 淋巴结
sarcoma n. 肿瘤，肉瘤，恶性毒瘤
exhaustion n. 衰竭，耗尽，精疲力竭
immunologist n. 免疫学家
malfunction n. 故障，失灵，疾病
count n. 计数，计算
infection n. 传染病，感染
breakdown n. 故障，衰弱，崩溃
toll n. 代价，死亡人数
intravenous drug n. 静脉注射药物
abnmalities n. (abnmality的复数形式)畸形，异常情况
blood transfusion n. 输血
symptom n. 症状
virologist n. 病毒学家
virus n. 病毒
panel n. 座谈小组，仪表板
hemophiliac n. 血友病患者
vaccine n. 疫苗
注释：
1.play a key role...扮演一个关键角色，有至关重要的作用
2.be responsible f...对……负责，是……的原因
3.can be eradicated可以被根除的
练习：
3.The final paragraph leads the reader to see that scientists ____.
A have no hope in ever finding a cure fHIV
B have hope that a cure f HIV will befound
C have run out of time to find a cure fHIV
D are in a contest against each other tofind a cure f HIV
考题
Tracking Down HIV
In the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removedfrom below his ear. It was Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rarefm of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph node swelling exhaustion.In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who haddiseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doct had a T-cell counttaken of the patient’s blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that playsa key role1 in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells.
By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infectionsrelated to immune system breakdown; four had died. A year later the death tollwas 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnmalities. People who hadreceived blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown. By July1982, 471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS), had been repted; 184 people had died.
In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated thepathogen, disease producer, responsible f2 AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. InParis, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV. An internationalpanel of scientists determined that both men had found the same virus. Itbecame known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood banks began screeningf HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 people had been infected throughblood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV throughblood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AIDS; 295,500 had died.
In 1996, researchers announced drugs that reduced HIV in infectedpeople. Today scientists are testing vaccines believe that if HIV can besuppressed, then perhaps it can be eradicated3, but it is still a race againsttime.
词汇：
spot n. 地点，斑点，斑块，青春痘
lymph n. 淋巴结
sarcoma n. 肿瘤，肉瘤，恶性毒瘤
exhaustion n. 衰竭，耗尽，精疲力竭
immunologist n. 免疫学家
malfunction n. 故障，失灵，疾病
count n. 计数，计算
infection n. 传染病，感染
breakdown n. 故障，衰弱，崩溃
toll n. 代价，死亡人数
intravenous drug n. 静脉注射药物
abnmalities n. (abnmality的复数形式)畸形，异常情况
blood transfusion n. 输血
symptom n. 症状
virologist n. 病毒学家
virus n. 病毒
panel n. 座谈小组，仪表板
hemophiliac n. 血友病患者
vaccine n. 疫苗
注释：
1.play a key role...扮演一个关键角色，有至关重要的作用
2.be responsible f...对……负责，是……的原因
3.can be eradicated可以被根除的
练习：
4.The basic pattern used to develop this passage is ____.
A chronological der
B personal narrative
C comparison contrast
D question answer
考题
Inquest told of hospital err
A HOSPITAL err left a dying man on the wrong ward f two days asdeep vein thrombosis (DVT) ravaged his body, an inquest heard. Stephen MelvinNewbold suffered massive brain damage when a blood clot fmed in his veins.Now his families are considering legal action against Yk Hospital, sayingthat his death was “untimely unnecessary”.
Mr Newbold, a 52-year-old maintenance wker, went to Yk Hospitalon November 3 complaining of a swollen right foot. He should have been sent toa surgical ward he would have been treated with1 Fragmin, a drug whichcounters the effects of DVT. However, hospital staff wrongly admitted him to2an thopedic ward, he stayed f two days, befe finally beingtransferred to the care of a consultant vascular surgeon. Twenty-four hourslater, on November 6, docts decided they would have to operate to remove hisleg below the knee.
The operation went ahead on November 10, but two days later MrNewbold suffered a cardiac arrest. A scan revealed he had had a pulmonaryembolism, a condition related to DVT. Mr Newbold suffered brain damage diedin the hospital on November 16.
Giving evidence, the surgeon said he could not explain why MrNewbold had been admitted to an thopedic ward it was not policy toadminister Fragmin. He did not know why his medical team had not given MrNewbold the drug later.
Yk coner Donald Coverdale said, “From November 3until the day of the operation, no Fragmin was given to Mr Newbold. If he hadbeen admitted to a consultant vascular surgeon’s care from day one,it is clear that Fragmin would have been prescribed. Fragmin reduces the riskof DVT, but does not eliminate it. It is impossible to say whether Mr Newboldwould have suffered this DVT if he had received the Fragmin.” He recded averdict of death by misadventure.
Kim Daniells, Mr Newbold’s family’s lawyer,said, “The family hope that the hospital will learn from the errs, that no other families will have to suffer in the future.”
A spokeswoman f Yk Hospital’s NHS Trust said, “We wouldlike to extend our sincere sympathies to the family of Stephen Newbold duringthis difficult time.”
词汇：
ward n.病房
vein n.血管
thrombosis n.血栓
clot n.凝块
maintenance n.维修，维护
Fragmin n.法安明(又名片段化蛋白)
staff n.员工;职工
consultant n.顾问，咨询，会诊医师
surgeon n.心血管外科顾问
knee n.膝盖
embolism n.栓塞;栓塞形成
verdict n.裁决
misadventure n.灾难，不幸遭遇，意外事故
sympathy n.同情
注释：
1.be treated with...被用......药物进行治疗
2.be admitted to...被收容至，被移送至(本文中是“被送至病房”)
练习：
5.The patient died of brain damage.A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not Mentioned
考题
The Enemy Within
Allergy has become me me common over the last 30 years. Now one-thirdof us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives half of thesesufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, five per cent of children suffer from food allergy.
Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has astrange unnecessary reaction to a substance which is nmally harmless,such as pollen peanuts. ____1____ To defend your body against an attacker,the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-ganisms attacks them ifit meets them again. This wk is done by antibodies. The immune system inallergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because itmistakenly believes them to be dangerous.
An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meetsan allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts f years then suddenly becomeallergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decidedthe substance is dangerous has made an allergy antibody. This antibody thenattaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. ____2____ As they do that,the surface of the cells is broken, histamine is released. The histamine other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy,such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, se eyes breathlessness. Anaphylaxisis the most severe allergic reaction of all is most often triggered by wasp bee stings peanuts. This must be treated immediately.
____3____ Some people are bn with the ability to make lots ofallergy antibodies, they are me likely to develop allergies allergicdisders such as hay fever asthma.
____4____ We eat me processed foods, with a wide range of additives colourings; me me people have central heating double glazing,making our houses warmer less draughty-an ideal environment to breed thehouse dust mite.
There may also be a link between allergies antibiotics. At onetime our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease trying to winthe battle f health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of wk ourimmune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy toharmless substances such as strawberries. ____5____
A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure fallergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, they mayalso be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reactionso that they can avoid contact with these in future.
词汇：
allergy n. 过敏，过敏症
sufferer n. 患者，受害者
asthma n. 哮喘
substance n. 物质
pollen n. 花粉
micro-ganism n. 微生物
antibodies n. antibody的复数形式，意为抗体
allergen n. 过敏源
nut n. 坚果
histamine n. 组织胺，组胺
tissue n. 人体组织
symptom n. 病症，征兆
rash n. 疱疹
sneezing n. 打喷嚏
breathlessness n. 呼吸急促，气喘吁吁
anaphylaxis n. 全身性过敏反应，过敏反应
wasp n. 黄蜂
sting n. 蟄，咬
hayfever n. 枯草热，花粉病
additives n. 添加剂，食品添加剂
cure n. 治疗，解药
注释：
1.suffer from...忍受^的折磨
2.be devoted to sth. ...全身心投入于^
练习：
A.The immune system is there to protect the body against outsideattackers, including viruses, bacteria parasites.
B.In other wds our immune systems have become over-sensitive.
C.Allergies run in families.
D.International differences have been associated with the number ofindividuals within a population have allergy.
E.When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt todestroy it.
F.Experts believe me people have developed allergies because ofchanges in our lifestyle which have exposed us to me allergens.
考题
填空题在实验步骤B中铜块所受浮力F浮＝____N．
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