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The Great Depression spread from the US to the rest of the capitalist world, yet it affected the Americans the most. It gave (1)____ to the fear that such catastrophes would (2)____(occur) or even that the American economy would live in a (3) s____ of permanent depression unless radical changes were (4) m____ in the economic system. The fear is now gone, partly because that analysis was judged faulty. Changes in institutions and policies that (5) sta____ the economy also helped to dispel those fears. People's worry (6) per____ about the possibility of less severe, but still debilitating (使虚弱), recessions, (7)____ . But the experience of the postwar years has provided two lessons: First, the only serious recessions in which US unemployment rose to highs of 9 percent and 11 percent (8) re____, came after fairly high inflation. Second, even recessions of that depth later on (9) t____ out to be less painful than had been expected because they were short. This was because the (10) ____ American worker had substantial assets, and was likely to be in a family with more than one worker.
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更多 “问答题The Great Depression spread from the US to the rest of the capitalist world, yet it affected the Americans the most. It gave (1)____ to the fear that such catastrophes would (2)____(occur) or even that the American economy would live in a (3) s____ of permanent depression unless radical changes were (4) m____ in the economic system. The fear is now gone, partly because that analysis was judged faulty. Changes in institutions and policies that (5) sta____ the economy also helped to dispel those fears. People's worry (6) per____ about the possibility of less severe, but still debilitating (使虚弱), recessions, (7)____ . But the experience of the postwar years has provided two lessons: First, the only serious recessions in which US unemployment rose to highs of 9 percent and 11 percent (8) re____, came after fairly high inflation. Second, even recessions of that depth later on (9) t____ out to be less painful than had been expected because they were short. This was because the (10) ____ American worker had substantial assets, and was likely to be in a family with more than one worker.” 相关考题
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This passage tells us that ________.A. the Americans like to eat sweet foods for breakfastB. all American foods come from other countriesC. not all American foods are really AmericanD. very few Americans have breakfast every day
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Which of the following is true of the Hatches?A .They had their children during the Great Depression.B. They left the family farm to live in an old house.C. They gave away their possessions to their neighbors.D. They helped their neighbors to find jobs.
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Text 3 The provision of positive incentives to work in the new society will not be an easy task. But the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sanction of hunger—the economic whip of the old dispensation. Moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economics from politics and denies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. We can no longer ask the invisible hand to do our dirty work for us.I confess that I am less horror-struck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power of what is called direction of labour resting in some arm of society, whether in an organ of state or of trade unions. I should indeed be horrified if I identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the pre-capitalist era. The economic whip of laissez-faire undoubtedly represented an advance on the serf-like conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a system of “free” labour deserves respect. But the direction of labour as exercised in Great Britain in the Second World War seems to me to represent as great an advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over pre-capitalist serfdom.Much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and self-discipline of the community. After all, under the system of laissez-faire capitalism the fear of hunger remained an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force. It would have been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger; nor, except in the early and worst days of the Industrial Revolution, did that normally happen. Similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrument of daily use but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail. It is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, any organ of state in Great Britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field. This, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to frighten themselves and others with scarecrows.第31题：1. The word “sanction”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.［A］ corrective measures［B］ encouraging methods［C］ preventive efforts［D］ revolutionary actions
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Why did the dollar rally at the beginning of the year?A．It was the beginning of the year.B．Traders' sentiment was changing greatly.C．People thought that the US economy would recover and German interest rate would ease soon.D．The present US-German interest rate differential would be unlikely to narrow.
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Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?A．It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.B．Its designing concept was affected by World War II.C．Most American architects used to be associated with it.D．It had a great influence upon American architectrue.
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It is said in th．e passage that when the economy slides ( )．A． men would choose working women as their marriage partnersB． more women would get married to seek financial securityC． even working women would worry about their marriagesD． more people would prefer to remain single for the time being
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American DreamsThere is a common response to America among foreign writers:the US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst.This is a cliché（陈词滥调）.In the land of black and white,people should not be too surprised to find some of thebiggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world.But the American Dream offers away out to everyone.__________(1)No class system or government stands in the way.Sadly,this old argument is no longer true.Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the structure of the American economy.The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened._______(2)Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 per cent.For the top 1 per cent,however,it has gone up 200 per cent.Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6. 7 times that of the bottom fifth._________(3)Inequalities have grown worse in different regions.In California,incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969.__________(4)This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans.The wealthiest 1 per centof households now control a third of the national wealth.There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty.At 12.7 per cent of the population,it is the highest percentage in the developed world.Yet the tax burden on America's rich is falling,not growing.__________(5)There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole.But clearly that theory has not worked in reality._________（2）A:Nobody is poor in the US.B:The top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980.C:For upper class families they have risen 41 per cent.D:Now it is 9.8 times.E:As it does so,the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller.F:All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top.
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American DreamsThere is a common response to America among foreign writers:the US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst.This is a cliché（陈词滥调）.In the land of black and white,people should not be too surprised to find some of thebiggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world.But the American Dream offers away out to everyone.__________(1)No class system or government stands in the way.Sadly,this old argument is no longer true.Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the structure of the American economy.The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened._______(2)Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 per cent.For the top 1 per cent,however,it has gone up 200 per cent.Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6. 7 times that of the bottom fifth._________(3)Inequalities have grown worse in different regions.In California,incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969.__________(4)This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans.The wealthiest 1 per centof households now control a third of the national wealth.There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty.At 12.7 per cent of the population,it is the highest percentage in the developed world.Yet the tax burden on America's rich is falling,not growing.__________(5)There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole.But clearly that theory has not worked in reality._________（3）A:Nobody is poor in the US.B:The top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980.C:For upper class families they have risen 41 per cent.D:Now it is 9.8 times.E:As it does so,the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller.F:All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top.
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American DreamsThere is a common response to America among foreign writers:the US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst.This is a cliché（陈词滥调）.In the land of black and white,people should not be too surprised to find some of thebiggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world.But the American Dream offers away out to everyone.__________(1)No class system or government stands in the way.Sadly,this old argument is no longer true.Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the structure of the American economy.The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened._______(2)Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 per cent.For the top 1 per cent,however,it has gone up 200 per cent.Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6. 7 times that of the bottom fifth._________(3)Inequalities have grown worse in different regions.In California,incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969.__________(4)This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans.The wealthiest 1 per centof households now control a third of the national wealth.There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty.At 12.7 per cent of the population,it is the highest percentage in the developed world.Yet the tax burden on America's rich is falling,not growing.__________(5)There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole.But clearly that theory has not worked in reality._________（1）A:Nobody is poor in the US.B:The top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980.C:For upper class families they have risen 41 per cent.D:Now it is 9.8 times.E:As it does so,the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller.F:All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top.
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American DreamsThere is a common response to America among foreign writers:the US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst.This is a cliché（陈词滥调）.In the land of black and white,people should not be too surprised to find some of thebiggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world.But the American Dream offers away out to everyone.__________(1)No class system or government stands in the way.Sadly,this old argument is no longer true.Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the structure of the American economy.The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened._______(2)Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 per cent.For the top 1 per cent,however,it has gone up 200 per cent.Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6. 7 times that of the bottom fifth._________(3)Inequalities have grown worse in different regions.In California,incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969.__________(4)This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans.The wealthiest 1 per centof households now control a third of the national wealth.There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty.At 12.7 per cent of the population,it is the highest percentage in the developed world.Yet the tax burden on America's rich is falling,not growing.__________(5)There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole.But clearly that theory has not worked in reality._________（4）A:Nobody is poor in the US.B:The top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980.C:For upper class families they have risen 41 per cent.D:Now it is 9.8 times.E:As it does so,the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller.F:All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top.
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资料：Large industrialized are now in a recession. What are the prospects for economic recovery?
The three most important industrial economies in the world are, at the moment, facing enormous problems. Germany is struggling with the cost of reunification and is in recession. Japan is also experiencing recession and the United States has a large budget deficit.
Forecasters and analysts face questions about the prospects of an economic recovery. Here are some of their findings:
The election of a new president of the United States gave hope to the rest of the world. If the US recovered, the rest of the world would face a more promising future. However, analysts now accept that the US will only recover very slowly.
Consumer and investor confidence is still lacking. Large deficits and declining short-term interest rates mean there is little scope for economic stimulus.
The Japanese economy, after years of trade and budget surpluses, is in deep recession and the growth rate has slowed down considerably. German economists have lowered their forecasts for economic growth this year. The lowering of German interest rates may bring some relief to other members of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism （ERM）. However, Germany's importance as Europe's largest export market may decline.
However, in some parts of the world, there are more positive signs, particularly in some Latin American countries in South-East Asia. Analysts says that, as long as the rate of interest stays above the rate of growth at national income, then the ratio of debt to income will get worse. Falling interest rates help towards overcoming this problem. They believe it may take several years before there is real recovery. However, advances in technology are offering hope for the world economy.
The tone of the passage suggest that the author is ______about the world economy.A.doubtful
B.indifferent
C.positive
D.pessimistic
考题
资料：Large industrialized are now in a recession. What are the prospects for economic recovery?
The three most important industrial economies in the world are, at the moment, facing enormous problems. Germany is struggling with the cost of reunification and is in recession. Japan is also experiencing recession and the United States has a large budget deficit.
Forecasters and analysts face questions about the prospects of an economic recovery. Here are some of their findings:
The election of a new president of the United States gave hope to the rest of the world. If the US recovered, the rest of the world would face a more promising future. However, analysts now accept that the US will only recover very slowly.
Consumer and investor confidence is still lacking. Large deficits and declining short-term interest rates mean there is little scope for economic stimulus.
The Japanese economy, after years of trade and budget surpluses, is in deep recession and the growth rate has slowed down considerably. German economists have lowered their forecasts for economic growth this year. The lowering of German interest rates may bring some relief to other members of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism （ERM）. However, Germany's importance as Europe's largest export market may decline.
However, in some parts of the world, there are more positive signs, particularly in some Latin American countries in South-East Asia. Analysts says that, as long as the rate of interest stays above the rate of growth at national income, then the ratio of debt to income will get worse. Falling interest rates help towards overcoming this problem. They believe it may take several years before there is real recovery. However, advances in technology are offering hope for the world economy.
According to the passage, which one is NOT true?
A.Consumer and investor still hold confidence in the US economy.
B.There is little scope for provoking the economy.
C.US is predicted to be recovering very slowly.
D.The US recovery would give the rest of the world a more promising future.
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The Beginning of American Literature America has always been a land of beginnings.After Europeans"discovered"America in the fifteenth century,the mysterious New World became for many people a genuine hope of a new life,an escape from poverty and persecution,a chance to start again.We can say that,as a nation,America begins with that hope.When,however,does American literature begin? American literature begins with American experiences.Long before the first colonists arrived,before Christopher Columbus,before the Northmen who"found"America about the year 1000,native Americans lived here.Each tribe's literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of linking with the land.Another kind of experience,one filled with fear and excitement,found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home in Spain, French and English.In addition,the journals of the people who lived and died in the New England wilder- ness tell unforgettable tales of hard and sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years. Experience,then, is the key to early American literature.The New World provided a great variety of experiences,and these experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers.These writers included John Smith,who spent only two-and-a-half year on the American continent.They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd,who thought of themselves as British subjects,never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own.American Indians,explorers,Puritan ministers,frontier wives,plantation owners-they are all the creators of the first American literature.What does"that hope"in the first paragraph refer to?A:The hope that America would be discovered.B:The hope to start a new life.C:The hope to see the mysteries of the New Worid.D:The hope to find poverty here.
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The Beginning of American Literature America has always been a land of beginnings.After Europeans"discovered"America in the fifteenth century,the mysterious New World became for many people a genuine hope of a new life,an escape from poverty and persecution,a chance to start again.We can say that,as a nation,America begins with that hope.When,however,does American literature begin? American literature begins with American experiences.Long before the first colonists arrived,before Christopher Columbus,before the Northmen who"found"America about the year 1000,native Americans lived here.Each tribe's literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of linking with the land.Another kind of experience,one filled with fear and excitement,found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home in Spain, French and English.In addition,the journals of the people who lived and died in the New England wilder- ness tell unforgettable tales of hard and sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years. Experience,then, is the key to early American literature.The New World provided a great variety of experiences,and these experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers.These writers included John Smith,who spent only two-and-a-half year on the American continent.They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd,who thought of themselves as British subjects,never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own.American Indians,explorers,Puritan ministers,frontier wives,plantation owners-they are all the creators of the first American literature.What can we learn from the literature of the tribes of the native Americans?A:About the everyday life of the native Americans.B:About the arrival of Columbus.C:About the experience of the first European settlers.D:About the experience of those who died in the New England wilderness.
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The Beginning of American Literature America has always been a land of beginnings.After Europeans"discovered"America in the fifteenth century,the mysterious New World became for many people a genuine hope of a new life,an escape from poverty and persecution,a chance to start again.We can say that,as a nation,America begins with that hope.When,however,does American literature begin? American literature begins with American experiences.Long before the first colonists arrived,before Christopher Columbus,before the Northmen who"found"America about the year 1000,native Americans lived here.Each tribe's literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of linking with the land.Another kind of experience,one filled with fear and excitement,found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home in Spain, French and English.In addition,the journals of the people who lived and died in the New England wilder- ness tell unforgettable tales of hard and sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years. Experience,then, is the key to early American literature.The New World provided a great variety of experiences,and these experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers.These writers included John Smith,who spent only two-and-a-half year on the American continent.They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd,who thought of themselves as British subjects,never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own.American Indians,explorers,Puritan ministers,frontier wives,plantation owners-they are all the creators of the first American literature.The main purpose of the last paragraph is to tell the readers that______.A:in the early days most American writers were from Great BritainB:people with rich life experience became writersC:there were many writers in the early days of American historyD:early-day experience provided the foundation for American literature
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American Dreams There is a common response to American among foreign writers: the US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst. This is a cliché (陈词滥调). In the land of black and white, people should not be too surprised to find some ofthe biggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world. But the American Dreamoffers a way out to everyone. ______(1) No class system or government standsin the way.Sadly,this old argument is no longer true,Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the s tructure of the American economy.The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened.______(2)Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 per cent.For the top 1 per cent,however,it has gone up 200 per cent.Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6.7 times that of the bottom fifth._______(3)Inequalities have grown worse in different regions.In California,incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969._______(4)This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans.The wealthiest 1 per cent of households now control a third of the national wealth.There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty.At 12.7 per cent of the population,it is the highest percentage in the developed world.Yet the tax burden on America's rich is falling,not growing.________(5)There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole.But clearly that theory has not worked in reality._________（5）A: Nobody is poor in the US.B: The top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980.C:.For upper class families they have risen 41 per cent.D: Nowitis9.8 times.E: As it does so,the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller.F: All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top.
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American Dreams There is a common response to American among foreign writers: the US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst. This is a cliché (陈词滥调). In the land of black and white, people should not be too surprised to find some ofthe biggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world. But the American Dreamoffers a way out to everyone. ______(1) No class system or government standsin the way.Sadly,this old argument is no longer true,Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the s tructure of the American economy.The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened.______(2)Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 per cent.For the top 1 per cent,however,it has gone up 200 per cent.Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6.7 times that of the bottom fifth._______(3)Inequalities have grown worse in different regions.In California,incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969._______(4)This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans.The wealthiest 1 per cent of households now control a third of the national wealth.There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty.At 12.7 per cent of the population,it is the highest percentage in the developed world.Yet the tax burden on America's rich is falling,not growing.________(5)There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole.But clearly that theory has not worked in reality._________（2）A: Nobody is poor in the US.B: The top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980.C:.For upper class families they have risen 41 per cent.D: Nowitis9.8 times.E: As it does so,the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller.F: All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top.
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共用题干
American Dreams There is a common response to American among foreign writers: the US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst. This is a cliché (陈词滥调). In the land of black and white, people should not be too surprised to find some ofthe biggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world. But the American Dreamoffers a way out to everyone. ______(1) No class system or government standsin the way.Sadly,this old argument is no longer true,Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the s tructure of the American economy.The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened.______(2)Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 per cent.For the top 1 per cent,however,it has gone up 200 per cent.Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6.7 times that of the bottom fifth._______(3)Inequalities have grown worse in different regions.In California,incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969._______(4)This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans.The wealthiest 1 per cent of households now control a third of the national wealth.There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty.At 12.7 per cent of the population,it is the highest percentage in the developed world.Yet the tax burden on America's rich is falling,not growing.________(5)There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole.But clearly that theory has not worked in reality._________（3）A: Nobody is poor in the US.B: The top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980.C:.For upper class families they have risen 41 per cent.D: Nowitis9.8 times.E: As it does so,the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller.F: All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top.
考题
According to the third paragraph, researchers differed from each other in the problem of_____A. whether nuclear reaction would occur.
B. whether the stars would increase its density and temperature.
C. whether shock waves would occur.
D. whether the uneven forces would flatten the stars.
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American Dreams There is a common response to American among foreign writers: the US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst. This is a cliché (陈词滥调). In the land of black and white, people should not be too surprised to find some ofthe biggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world. But the American Dreamoffers a way out to everyone. ______(1) No class system or government standsin the way.Sadly,this old argument is no longer true,Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the s tructure of the American economy.The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened.______(2)Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 per cent.For the top 1 per cent,however,it has gone up 200 per cent.Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6.7 times that of the bottom fifth._______(3)Inequalities have grown worse in different regions.In California,incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969._______(4)This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans.The wealthiest 1 per cent of households now control a third of the national wealth.There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty.At 12.7 per cent of the population,it is the highest percentage in the developed world.Yet the tax burden on America's rich is falling,not growing.________(5)There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole.But clearly that theory has not worked in reality._________（1）A: Nobody is poor in the US.B: The top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980.C:.For upper class families they have risen 41 per cent.D: Nowitis9.8 times.E: As it does so,the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller.F: All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top.
考题
问答题Practice 1 Between persons of equal income there is no social distinction except the distinction of merit. There in the world would be great people and ordinary people and little people, but the great would always be those who had done great things, and never the fools whose mothers had spoiled them and whose fathers had left them a hundred thousand a year, and the little would be persons of small minds and mean characters, and not poor persons who had never had a chance. That is why fools are always in favor of inequality of income (their only chance of eminence), and the really great in favor of equality.
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问答题Practice 7 While there are a few different conceptualizations of globalization, researchers seem to be in agreement that there are at least three dimensions of globalization: economic, political and cultural. The economic aspects of globalization stem from the spread of the capitalist world economy and the resulting expansion of goods and services. The need for cheap raw materials, cheap labor and new markets saw the expansion of the capitalist world economy from one that was primarily Eurocentric to one that encompassed the entire world. This process was achieved by various means and often involved overcoming political resistances in the new markets. The political aspects of globalization involved establishing control over markets and raw materials through either the use of direct military power or the establishment of international institutions that control such markets. The rise of the nation-state is an example of the political aspect of globalization, although it is argued that advances in telecommunications and information systems and the resulting constructions of institutions that transience territorial boundaries are making the nation-state obsolete.
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问答题Practice 4 Europeans have long aspired to end American dominance as the world’s economic leader. The single market and the euro are widely seen as essential steps in this direction. But is Europe ready to lead? Do Europeans understand what it would take? Despite a budding recovery, the United States is hardly the model of economic health that it once was. On several issues—from steel tariffs to the resurgent deficit to shady corporate practices—America has demonstrated a growing failure of leadership. Over the past two decades the United States has shown what it takes to be an economic superpower—a strong currency, openness to imports, concessions in trade negotiations and articulating an economic philosophy for the rest of the world. Now that it’s apparently fading on so many counts, the question becomes: is Europe willing and prepared to do what the United States once did, in order to supplant it? First the exchange-rate issue. The euro will probably continue strengthening against the dollar, if only because of America’s huge and growing $400 billion-a-year current-account deficit. This means that, every year, the United States borrows about 4 percent of its GDP on world markets. If international investors lose confidence in the U.S. economy, fewer people will want to hold dollar assets. The dollar will fall—and the euro will appreciate. This may be a normal market cycle, but there will be consequences. Among others, European companies will see their U.S. profits erode. What happens if the dollar falls farther and faster than anticipated? Are European industrial companies ready to compete with a euro worth $1.10, $1.15 or $1.25? The flip side of the much-desired strong euro would almost certainly be a surge in imports from the United States and the rest of the world. Exports might fall, resulting in job losses—perhaps even a trade deficit for the European Union. Europeans are rightfully angry at new U.S. steel tariffs. But given the sheer size of America’s trade deficit, Washington’s policies are actually relatively moderate. The question remains: if Europe were in a similar position, would its voters and politicians be equally sensitive to what’s best for the global economy? Would European politicians be able to face the incredible pressures that would build for protectionist measures if it were Europe, and not the United States, that ran a persistent trade deficit? Not likely, I fear. America’s retreat from its leading role presents an opportunity for the European Union. Trouble is, its political institutions have yet to mature to the point where they can resolve trade disputes, say, by looking beyond the immediate and narrow self-interests of its member states. Europe’s chance for economic leadership may come sooner than expected. But too many Europeans haven’t yet grasped the basic secret of America’s leadership—the hard work and tough choices that are involved. That’s what Europeans now face, in this season of elections and decision making that will shape their future. Let’s hope they recognize that such sacrifices will pay off for them, as well as for the rest of the world.
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问答题Practice 1 The greenhouse effect causes trouble by raising the temperature of the planet. The 1 rise is not very much，but the Earth’s ecosystem is very weak，and small changes can have large effects. It has been believed that this 2 of one degree will happen by the year 2025. This could probably 3 the North American corn belt, which produces much of the world’s grain， 4 to much higher food prices，and even less food for the Third World than they already have. However，it would also mean that some countries which are further north would be able to 5 crops they had never been able to before，although there is less land as you move north from the corn belt. The other serious worry is that rising sea levels from the melting of the polar ice could 6 flood many countries. A rise in sea levels of one meter，which many expels are 7 by the year 2100 (and some as soon as 2030)，would flood 15 percent of Egypt，and 12 percent of Bangladesh. The Maldives in the Indian Ocean would almost 8 disappear. Most of the countries which would suffer most from a rise in sea levels are the poor 9 states，so the islands in the Caribbean，South Pacific，Meditertgiiean and Indian Ocean have formed the Alliance of Small Island States，AOSIS，so they have a 10 voice in international politics and can make the richer developed world listen to their problems.[A] severely [B] damage [C] island[D] critical [E] grow [F] mainland[G] louder [H] predicting [I] rise[J] completely [K] geometry [L] actual[M] extending [N] 1eading [O] develop
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单选题The nation's economy was _____ up and would certainly show a great improvement in the next five years.A
risingB
gettingC
lookingD
showing
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单选题The following can be concluded from the demonstration EXCEPT ______.A
anti-capitalist groups plan to protestB
G20 Meltdown’s demonstrations would be peacefulC
Lib Dem MPs would possibly bring big troubles to the policeD
the security plan would cost 27.5m
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单选题A
World Cup Becomes Streaming Success for US TVB
More Americans Become Interested in FootballC
Football Fans from America are IncreasingD
World Cup Play an Important Role in the US
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