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Physician-assisted Suicide
1.The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications forhow medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
2.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect,"a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
3.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high dose of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
4.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.
5.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothingillegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't callthose deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend theirsuicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
6.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care atthe End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
7. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices（临终关怀医院）, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives trans-late into better care.
Physician-assisted Suicide
1.The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications forhow medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
2.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect,"a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
3.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high dose of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
4.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.
5.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothingillegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't callthose deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend theirsuicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
6.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care atthe End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
7. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices（临终关怀医院）, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives trans-late into better care.
The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication________.
A:help the dying end their lives
B:can be prescribed
C:the needless suffering of the patients
D:the helplessness of the patients
E:inadequate treatment of pain
F: prescribe a drug
A:help the dying end their lives
B:can be prescribed
C:the needless suffering of the patients
D:the helplessness of the patients
E:inadequate treatment of pain
F: prescribe a drug
参考答案
参考解析
解析：本段的第一句decisions on physician-assisted suicide即是主题句，法庭对医生辅助自杀所做的决定。答案为C。
第二段中间讲到the medical principle of " double effect"，医助自杀的双重效应：有益的和有害的两个方面，这也是本段的主要内容，所以选F。
第三段提到了一个实例，借此说明医助自杀带来的双重效果，医生使用高剂量的吗啡控制在帮助晚期病人减轻痛苦的同时，过高的剂量又会导致病人丧命。所以选项 A正确。
本段谈到了该原则对医生的保护，这些医生认为既然药物会加速病人的死亡，他们就不能给病人开足量的药物来减轻他们的痛苦，故选D。
法庭裁定，医生开出的高剂量的镇痛药只要是出于正当的医疗目的就是合法的（for a legitimate medical purpose)，可以推断医生能够开处方。所以选择B。
第六段提到了NAS的两卷报告，提到Improving Care at the End of Life（改进临终关怀服务），即under-treatment of pain，可以看出临终服务的问题之一是对病痛医治的不足，故选E。
第六段中间的另外一个问题是the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying"。对于这个l'q题，医生应该受到惩罚，故应选选择C。
第二段第一句指出there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide，即医生帮助病人自杀是违法的，故选A。
第二段中间讲到the medical principle of " double effect"，医助自杀的双重效应：有益的和有害的两个方面，这也是本段的主要内容，所以选F。
第三段提到了一个实例，借此说明医助自杀带来的双重效果，医生使用高剂量的吗啡控制在帮助晚期病人减轻痛苦的同时，过高的剂量又会导致病人丧命。所以选项 A正确。
本段谈到了该原则对医生的保护，这些医生认为既然药物会加速病人的死亡，他们就不能给病人开足量的药物来减轻他们的痛苦，故选D。
法庭裁定，医生开出的高剂量的镇痛药只要是出于正当的医疗目的就是合法的（for a legitimate medical purpose)，可以推断医生能够开处方。所以选择B。
第六段提到了NAS的两卷报告，提到Improving Care at the End of Life（改进临终关怀服务），即under-treatment of pain，可以看出临终服务的问题之一是对病痛医治的不足，故选E。
第六段中间的另外一个问题是the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying"。对于这个l'q题，医生应该受到惩罚，故应选选择C。
第二段第一句指出there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide，即医生帮助病人自杀是违法的，故选A。
更多 “共用题干 Physician-assisted Suicide1.The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications forhow medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.2.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect,"a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.3.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high dose of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.4.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.5.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothingillegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't callthose deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend theirsuicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.6.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care atthe End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.7. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices（临终关怀医院）, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives trans-late into better care.The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication________.A:help the dying end their livesB:can be prescribedC:the needless suffering of the patientsD:the helplessness of the patientsE:inadequate treatment of pain F: prescribe a drug” 相关考题
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考题
Text 4 The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide canrry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery, "he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, " to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."第56题：From the first three paragraphs, we learn thatA doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients'pain.B it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.C the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.D patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.
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Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients'death.B Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
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The word “euthanasia” in the second paragraph most probably means ________.[A] doctors’ sympathy to dying patients[B] doctors’ aggressive medical measures to dying patients[C] doctors’ mercy killing to reduce sufferings of dying patients[D] doctors’ well-meaning treatment to save dying patients
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The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot_1_its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law_2_justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justices acted in ways that_3_the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be_4_as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not_5_by an ethics code.At the very least,the court should make itself_6_to the code of conduct that_7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases_8_the question of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law_10_having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanent positions_11_they would be free to_12_those in power and have no need to_13_political support.Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely_14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social_15_like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it_16_is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily_17_as unjust.The justices must_18_doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves_19_to the code of conduct.That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_20_,convincing as law.A.dismissed
B.released
C.ranked
D.distorted
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共用题干
第二篇Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi- cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con- trol their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa- tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be- cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.Itidentifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li- censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man- aged and should result in license suspension."According to the NAS's report,one of the problems in end-of-life care is________.A:prolonged medical proceduresB:inadequate treatment of painC:systematic drug abuseD:insufficient hospital care
考题
共用题干
第二篇Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi- cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con- trol their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa- tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be- cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.Itidentifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li- censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man- aged and should result in license suspension."Which of the following best defines the word"aggressive"(line 3,paragraph 7)?A:Bold.B:Harmful.C:Careless.D:Desperate.
考题
共用题干
Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."According to the NAS's report,one of the problems in end-of-life care is______.A:prolonged medical procedures B:inadequate treatment of painC:systematic drug abuse D:insufficient hospital care
考题
共用题干
Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."Which of the following best defines the word"aggressive"(Line 3,Para.7)?A:Bold. B:Harmful.C:Careless. D:Desperate.
考题
共用题干
Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."From the first three paragraphs,we learn that______.A:doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients'painB:it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC:the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD:patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
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共用题干
Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they______.A:manage their patients incompetently B:give patients more medicine than neededC:reduce drug dosages for their patients D:prolong the needless suffering of the patients
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第二篇Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi- cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con- trol their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa- tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be- cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.Itidentifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li- censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man- aged and should result in license suspension."George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they________.A:manage their patients incompetentlyB:give patients more medicine than neededC:reduce drug dosages for their patients D:prolong the needless suffering of the patients
考题
共用题干
Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A:Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients'death.B:Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C:The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication should be prescribed.D:A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
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第二篇Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi- cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con- trol their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa- tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be- cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.Itidentifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li- censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man- aged and should result in license suspension."Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A:Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.B:Modem medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C:The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication should be prescribed.D:A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
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第二篇Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi- cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con- trol their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa- tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be- cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.Itidentifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li- censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man- aged and should result in license suspension."From the first three paragraphs,we learn that________.A:doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' painB:it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC:the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD:patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
考题
Text l How,when and where death happens has changed over the past century.As late as 1990 half of deaths worldwide were caused by chronic diseases;in 2015 the share was two-thirds.Most deaths in rich countries follow years of uneven deterioration.Roughly two-thirds happen in a hospital or nursing home.They often come after a ctimax of desperate treatment.Such passionate intervention can be agonising for all concerned.These medicalised deaths do not seem to be what people want.Polls find that most people in good health hope that,when the time comes,they will die at home.They want to die free from pain,at peace,and surrounded by loved ones for whom they are not a burden.But some deaths are unavoidably miserable.Not everyone will be in a condition to toast death's imminence with champagne,as Anton Chekhov did.What people say they will want while they are well may change as the end nears.Dying at home is less appealing if all the medical kit is at the hospital.A treatment that is unbearable in the imagination can seem like the lesser of two evils when the alternative is death.Some patients will want to fight until all hope is lost.But too often patients receive drastic treatment in spite of their dying wishes~by default,when doctors do"everything possible",as they have been trained to,without talking through people's preferences or ensuring that the prediction is clearly understood.The legalisation of doctor-assisted dying has been called for,so that mentally fit,terminally ill patients can be helped to end their lives if that is their wish.But the right to die is just one part of better care at the end of life.The evidence suggests that most people want this option,but that few would,in the end,choose to exercise it.To give people the death they say they want,medicine should take some simple steps.More palliative care is needed.Providing it earlier in the course of advanced cancer alongside the usual treatments turns out not only to reduce suffering,but to prolong life,too.Most doctors enter medicine to help people delay death,not to talk about its inevitability.But talk they must.Medicare,America's public health scheme for the over-65s,has recently started paying doctors for in-depth conversations with terminally ill patients;other national health-care systems,and insurers,should follow.Cost is not an obstacle,since informed,engaged patients will be less likely to want pointless procedures.Fewer doctors may be sued,as poor communication is a common theme in malpractice claims.
We can learn from Paragraph 3 that____A.dying patients suffer undertreatment
B.doctor-paiient communication is poor
C.doctor-assisted dying has been legalized
D.the right to die is better cure for dying patients
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Physician-assisted Suicide1.The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications forhow medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.2.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect,"a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.3.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high dose of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.4.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.5.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothingillegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't callthose deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend theirsuicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.6.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care atthe End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.7. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices（临终关怀医院）, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives trans-late into better care.According to the NAS,one of the problems in end-of-life care is________.A:help the dying end their livesB:can be prescribedC:the needless suffering of the patientsD:the helplessness of the patientsE:inadequate treatment of pain F: prescribe a drug
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Physician-assisted Suicide1.The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications forhow medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.2.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect,"a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.3.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high dose of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.4.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.5.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothingillegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't callthose deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend theirsuicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.6.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care atthe End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.7. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices（临终关怀医院）, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives trans-late into better care.Paragraph 2________A:Doctors' Practice of the PrincipleB:The Effects of Modern Medicine to Their IllnessC:The Decision of Physician-assisted SuicideD:Protection of the DoctorsE:Constitutional Support for Physician-assisted SuicideF:The Double-effect Principle
考题
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court（）Ahas much greater power than other justices of the Supreme CourtBhas no greater voting power than other justices of the Supreme CourtChas greater say in deciding a caseDhas greater voting power than other justices of the Supreme Court
考题
The federal judicial system consists of （）Aone supreme court,11 courts of appeals and 91 district courtsBone supreme court,11 courts of appeals,89 district courts,3 courts of special jurisdictionCone supreme court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,3 courts of special jurisdictionDone supreme court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,2 courts for the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
考题
单选题From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ______.A
doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ painB
it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC
the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD
patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
考题
单选题The federal judicial system consists of （）A
one supreme court,11 courts of appeals and 91 district courtsB
one supreme court,11 courts of appeals,89 district courts,3 courts of special jurisdictionC
one supreme court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,3 courts of special jurisdictionD
one supreme court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,2 courts for the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
考题
单选题The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court（）A
has much greater power than other justices of the Supreme CourtB
has no greater voting power than other justices of the Supreme CourtC
has greater say in deciding a caseD
has greater voting power than other justices of the Supreme Court
考题
单选题The first state court to rule that gays had a constitutional right to wed was ______.A
the Maryland’s Supreme CourtB
the Massachusetts’ Supreme CourtC
the New Mexico’s Supreme CourtD
the New Jersey’s Supreme Court
考题
单选题Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A
Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’ death.B
Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C
The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D
A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
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