2021年 新疆 职称英语(理工)如何报名

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Thirst for Oil
Worldwide every day,we devour the energy equivalent of about 200 million barrels of oil.
Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun.In fact enough energy from the Sun hits the planet's surface each minute to cover our needs for an entire year,we just need to find an efficient way to use it. So far the energy in oil has been cheaper and easier to get at. But as supplies dwindle,this will change,and we will need to cure our addiction to oil.
Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until the steam-driven industrial revolution,when energy-dense coal became the fuel of choice.Coal is still used,mostly in power stations,to cover one quarter of our energy needs,but its use has been declining since we started pumping up oil.
Coal is the least efficient,unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel,but could make a comeback,as supplies are still plentiful:its reserves are five times larger than oil's.
Today petroleum,a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the Earth and used to pro- duce petrol,diesel oil and various other chemical substances,provides around 40% of the world's energy needs,mostly fuelling automobiles.The US consumes a quarter of all oil,and generates a similar proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.
The majority of oil comes from the Middle East,which has half of known reserves.But other significant sources include Russia,North America,Norway,Venezuela and the North Sea.
Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge could be a major new US source,to reduce reliance on foreign imports.
Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years,though opinions and estimates vary.We could fast reach an energy crisis in the next few decades,when demand exceeds supply.As conventional reserves become more difficult to access,others such as oil shales and tar sands may be used instead.Petrol could also be obtained from coal.
Since we started using fossil fuels,we have released 400 billion tonnes of carbon,and burn- ing the entire reserves could eventually raise world temperatures by 13℃．Among other horrors, this would result in the destruction of all rainforests and the melting of all Arctic ice.

"...we will need to cure our addiction to oil."Why does the author say so?
A: Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun.
B: Oil supply is increasing all the time.
C: Demand for oil is increasing all the time.
D: Oil supply is decreasing.

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The Need to Remember
Some people say they have no memory at all:"I just can't remember a thing!"But of course we all have a memory.Our memory tells us who we are.Our memory helps us to make use in the present of what we have learnt in the past.
In fact we have different types of memory.For example,our visual memory helps us recall facts and places.Some people have such a strong visual memory that they can remember exactly what they have seen,for example,pages of a book,as a complete picture.
Our verbal（言语的）memory helps us remember words and figures we may have heard but not seen or written:Items of a shopping list,a chemical formula,dates,or a recipe.
With our emotional（情感的）memory, we recall situations or places where we had; strong feelings,perhaps of happiness or unhappiness. We also have special memories for smell,taste, touch and sound,and for performing physical movements.
We have two ways of storing any of these memories. Our short-term memory stores items for up to thirty seconds-enough to remember a telephone number while we dial.Our long-term mem-ory,on the other hand,may store items for a lifetime. Older people in fact have a much biter long-term memory than short-term .They may forget what they have done only a few hours ago,but have the clearest remembrance（记忆）of when they were very young.
Psychologists tell us that we only remember a few facts about our past,and that we invent the rest. It is as though we remember only the outline of a story.We then make up the details. We of-ten do this in the way we want to remember them,usually so that we appear as the heroes of our own past , or maybe victims needing sympathy（同情）.

Generally we remember only a few facts about the past.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned

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Hack
The first big-name hackers included Steve Wozniak,Bill Gates and Linus Torvalds,all now highly recognizable names behind many of the computer technologies used today.These early hackers had a love of technology and a compelling need to know how it all worked,and their goal was to push programs beyond what they were designed to do.Back then,the word“hacker”didn't have the negative connotation it has today.The original hacker ethic,rooted out of simple curiosity and a need to be challenged,appears to be dead.
The objectives of early hackers are a far cry from the goals of today's hackers.The motivation of the new breed of hackers appears not to be curiosity,or a hunger for knowledge,as it used to be.Instead,most of today's hackers are driven by greed,power,revenge,or some other malicious intent,treating hacking as a game or sport,employing the tools that are readily available via the Internet.
The rate of security attacks is actually outpacing the growth of the Internet.This means that something besides the growth of the Internet is driving the rise in security attacks.Here are some realities you should know about:Operating systems and applications will never be secure.New vulnerabilities will be introduced into your environment every day.And even if you ever do get one operating system secure,there will be new operating systems with new vu1nerabilities-phones,wireless devices,and network appliances.Employees will never keep up with security policies and awareness.It doesn't matter how much you train and educate your employees.if your employees disregard warnings about the hazards of opening questionable e-mail attachments,how are you going to educate them about properly configuring firewalls and intrusion detection systems for their PCs?Managers have more responsibility than ever.And on top of the realities listed above,security managers are being asked to support increasing degrees of network availability and access.There are some good security measures you can take:Employ a layer 7,full-inspection firewall.Automatically update your anti-virus at the gateway,server and client.Keep all of your systems and applications updated.Hackers commonly break into a website through known security holes,so make sure your servers and applications are patched and up to date.Turn off unnecessary network services.
Eliminate all unneeded programs.Scan network for common backdoor services一use intrusion detection systems, vulnerability scans,anti-virus protection.

Which of the following statements of Steve Wozniak,Bill Gates and Linus Torvalds is true?
A:They are all good examples of today's computer users.
B:They are driven by greed,power,revenge,or some other malicious intent.
C:Their goal is to push programs beyond what they are designed to do.
D:They are all dead.

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第二篇

Are These Food Safe to Eat?

Traditionally,in plant breeding,there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.For example,disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with highyield wheat to combine these properties.This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering(GE)makes it possible to exchange genes between unrelated species that cannot exchange genes with each other in a natural way.GE can involve the exchange of genes be-tween vastly different species一e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene,even when it is in maize DNA,will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin一but what other effects may it have in this alien environment? We have already realized this problem一adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow一but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed,which was entirely out of expectation.
It won't be difficult to find out,for example,that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA一but what side-effect would it have?In other words,is genetically modified(GM)food safe to eat?The answer is that no-body knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.
Those companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.Monsanto's soya beans were apparently fed to fish for 10 weeks before being approved.There was no requirement for independent testing,for longterm testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The present opinion of the British Government is that"There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods."In the US,the American Food and Drug Administration is now being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.

Which type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable?
A:Adding human growth hormone genes to pigs.
B:Natural gene exchange in traditional plant breeding.
C:Inserting fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.
D:Putting scorpion toxin genes into maize.