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“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage
The massive subduction zone earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil“liquefaction” that has surprised researchers with its1severity,a new analysis shows.
“We've seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before,but the distance and2of damage in Japan were unusually severe,”said Scott Ashford,a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University.“Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,”Ashford said.“The shifts in soil destroyed water,drain and gas pipelines,crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to3. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.”
Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water,particularly recent sediments or sand,can lose much of their4and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or5.
But most earthquakes are much6than the recent event in Japan,Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake,as much as five minutes,may force researchers to recon-sider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this.
“With such a long-lasting earthquake,we saw7structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes,”he said.“And it was clear that younger sediments,and especially areas built on8filled ground,are much more vulnerable.”
The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake,researchers said,should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil9and better prepare for it in the future.Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly,10damage was removed in the recovery efforts.
“There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan that will help us to reduce risks in other similar11,”Ashford said.“Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction,such as better compaction to make soils dense,or use of reinforcing stone columns.”
Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefac-tion一on the coast,near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The“young”sedi-ments,in geologic terms,may be those12within the past 10,000 years or more. In Ore-gon,for instance,that describes much of downtown Portland,the Portland International Airport and other cities.
Anything13a river and old flood plains is a suspect,and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake.
Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to14collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake,but Japanese construction15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse一even as they tilted and sank into the ground.
“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage
The massive subduction zone earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil“liquefaction” that has surprised researchers with its1severity,a new analysis shows.
“We've seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before,but the distance and2of damage in Japan were unusually severe,”said Scott Ashford,a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University.“Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,”Ashford said.“The shifts in soil destroyed water,drain and gas pipelines,crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to3. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.”
Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water,particularly recent sediments or sand,can lose much of their4and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or5.
But most earthquakes are much6than the recent event in Japan,Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake,as much as five minutes,may force researchers to recon-sider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this.
“With such a long-lasting earthquake,we saw7structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes,”he said.“And it was clear that younger sediments,and especially areas built on8filled ground,are much more vulnerable.”
The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake,researchers said,should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil9and better prepare for it in the future.Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly,10damage was removed in the recovery efforts.
“There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan that will help us to reduce risks in other similar11,”Ashford said.“Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction,such as better compaction to make soils dense,or use of reinforcing stone columns.”
Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefac-tion一on the coast,near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The“young”sedi-ments,in geologic terms,may be those12within the past 10,000 years or more. In Ore-gon,for instance,that describes much of downtown Portland,the Portland International Airport and other cities.
Anything13a river and old flood plains is a suspect,and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake.
Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to14collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake,but Japanese construction15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse一even as they tilted and sank into the ground.
14._________
A: prevent
B: accelerate
C: predict
D: detect
A: prevent
B: accelerate
C: predict
D: detect
参考答案
参考解析
解析：前文说到日本的俯冲带地震是massive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到达一个 significant level。根据上述描述，选D项widespread“分布广泛的”修饰severity是正确的。其他三个选项不符合句意。所以答案为D。
本句由but连接并列的两个分句组成。第一个分句提到以前也发生过地震引发的砂土液化的现象，但涉及范围较小。第二个分句通过but语气一转，说明这次地震造成的破坏是罕见的。很显然，选C项extent“程度”与distance“距离，范围”合用说明破坏的程度和范围是符合上下文意思的。所以答案为C。
在The shifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to…中，these communities need to…是定语从句，指代utilities和infrastructure的关系代词which在定语从句中起宾语作用，被省略了。need后面的动词不定式的逻辑主语是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure。从意思上看，这些社区需要这些公用事业设备和基础设施发挥功能（function)。选A项function 是对的。其他选项都不合适。
浸了水的砂土，特别是新近的沉积土、沙土等失去的不会是durability“耐用性”和ability“能力”，也不会是泛泛的property“性质”，而是strength“强度”。所以答案为B。
浸了水的砂土强度降低或消失。砂土随水流动，就会引发建筑物移位 (shift）或下沉（sink)。再发展下去，建筑物就会倒塌( collapse)。因此C项collapse是答案。 ascend“上升”, compact“压实”, recover“复原”，都不符合句意。
地震持续的时间一般为数十秒。这次日本地震的时间长达5分钟。所以本题要填入的词应该是A项shorter，说明大多数地震的持续时间比最近在日本发生的地震要短。
从意思上看，选C项how是正确的。when structures、 what structures或 which structures意思明显不通。
第三段第二句出现particularly recent sediment...。recent sediment浸水后就失去了强度。这提示了本题要选D项recently，因为建立在新近填就的土壤上的建筑物是最经不起地震的。
分析日本大地震得出的数据不会令科学家获得有关soil development（土壤发展）、 soil formation（土壤形成）或soil composition（土壤构成）这些方面的知识。若选phe-nomenon，意思就是科学家的研究分析有助于他们了解到土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付未来可能发生的同类现象。上下文意思很连贯，因此B项phenomenon是正确答案。
选unless、 until或after都不合逻辑。本句意为：重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏了。所以科学家要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好（有关）地震的资料。因此D项before是答案。
本句意为：科学家无疑会从日本大地震中学到不少东西，从而有助于降低今后发生类似的地震时的风险。四个选项中只有C项events合适。similar events指的是“类似的（地震）事件”。findings“调查结果”、locations“地点”或sources“来源”，都不符合句意。
本句解释“young”这个词在地质学中的含义。句中的those指代sedi-ments。 “young” sediments指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的sediments。 deposit意为“沉积”，与句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三个选项，词义离题很远，只是词形与deposit有点相似，起干扰作用而已，它们不是答案。
上一段说，younger soils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危对象呢？如果指soils from/nside/over river and old flood plains 是不合常理的。正确的选择应该是near，靠近河流和原洪泛区的土壤才是危险地区。因此A 项near是答案。
加固危桥的目的是为了防止坍塌。所以A项prevent（防止）是答案。
在3月11日的日本大地震中，震区的建筑物倾料、下沉，但、没有倒塌。建筑上的什么因素起到了防塌的作用呢？ 当然不会是construction styles“建筑风格”、construc- tion sites“建筑工地”或construction facilities“建筑设备”。 日本的construction standards“建筑标准”才是防塌的关键因素。因此D项standards是答案。
本句由but连接并列的两个分句组成。第一个分句提到以前也发生过地震引发的砂土液化的现象，但涉及范围较小。第二个分句通过but语气一转，说明这次地震造成的破坏是罕见的。很显然，选C项extent“程度”与distance“距离，范围”合用说明破坏的程度和范围是符合上下文意思的。所以答案为C。
在The shifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to…中，these communities need to…是定语从句，指代utilities和infrastructure的关系代词which在定语从句中起宾语作用，被省略了。need后面的动词不定式的逻辑主语是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure。从意思上看，这些社区需要这些公用事业设备和基础设施发挥功能（function)。选A项function 是对的。其他选项都不合适。
浸了水的砂土，特别是新近的沉积土、沙土等失去的不会是durability“耐用性”和ability“能力”，也不会是泛泛的property“性质”，而是strength“强度”。所以答案为B。
浸了水的砂土强度降低或消失。砂土随水流动，就会引发建筑物移位 (shift）或下沉（sink)。再发展下去，建筑物就会倒塌( collapse)。因此C项collapse是答案。 ascend“上升”, compact“压实”, recover“复原”，都不符合句意。
地震持续的时间一般为数十秒。这次日本地震的时间长达5分钟。所以本题要填入的词应该是A项shorter，说明大多数地震的持续时间比最近在日本发生的地震要短。
从意思上看，选C项how是正确的。when structures、 what structures或 which structures意思明显不通。
第三段第二句出现particularly recent sediment...。recent sediment浸水后就失去了强度。这提示了本题要选D项recently，因为建立在新近填就的土壤上的建筑物是最经不起地震的。
分析日本大地震得出的数据不会令科学家获得有关soil development（土壤发展）、 soil formation（土壤形成）或soil composition（土壤构成）这些方面的知识。若选phe-nomenon，意思就是科学家的研究分析有助于他们了解到土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付未来可能发生的同类现象。上下文意思很连贯，因此B项phenomenon是正确答案。
选unless、 until或after都不合逻辑。本句意为：重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏了。所以科学家要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好（有关）地震的资料。因此D项before是答案。
本句意为：科学家无疑会从日本大地震中学到不少东西，从而有助于降低今后发生类似的地震时的风险。四个选项中只有C项events合适。similar events指的是“类似的（地震）事件”。findings“调查结果”、locations“地点”或sources“来源”，都不符合句意。
本句解释“young”这个词在地质学中的含义。句中的those指代sedi-ments。 “young” sediments指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的sediments。 deposit意为“沉积”，与句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三个选项，词义离题很远，只是词形与deposit有点相似，起干扰作用而已，它们不是答案。
上一段说，younger soils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危对象呢？如果指soils from/nside/over river and old flood plains 是不合常理的。正确的选择应该是near，靠近河流和原洪泛区的土壤才是危险地区。因此A 项near是答案。
加固危桥的目的是为了防止坍塌。所以A项prevent（防止）是答案。
在3月11日的日本大地震中，震区的建筑物倾料、下沉，但、没有倒塌。建筑上的什么因素起到了防塌的作用呢？ 当然不会是construction styles“建筑风格”、construc- tion sites“建筑工地”或construction facilities“建筑设备”。 日本的construction standards“建筑标准”才是防塌的关键因素。因此D项standards是答案。
更多 “共用题干 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil“liquefaction” that has surprised researchers with its1severity,a new analysis shows.“We've seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before,but the distance and2of damage in Japan were unusually severe,”said Scott Ashford,a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University.“Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,”Ashford said.“The shifts in soil destroyed water,drain and gas pipelines,crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to3. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.”Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water,particularly recent sediments or sand,can lose much of their4and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or5.But most earthquakes are much6than the recent event in Japan,Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake,as much as five minutes,may force researchers to recon-sider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this.“With such a long-lasting earthquake,we saw7structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes,”he said.“And it was clear that younger sediments,and especially areas built on8filled ground,are much more vulnerable.”The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake,researchers said,should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil9and better prepare for it in the future.Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly,10damage was removed in the recovery efforts.“There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan that will help us to reduce risks in other similar11,”Ashford said.“Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction,such as better compaction to make soils dense,or use of reinforcing stone columns.”Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefac-tion一on the coast,near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The“young”sedi-ments,in geologic terms,may be those12within the past 10,000 years or more. In Ore-gon,for instance,that describes much of downtown Portland,the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything13a river and old flood plains is a suspect,and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake.Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to14collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake,but Japanese construction15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse一even as they tilted and sank into the ground.14._________A: prevent B: accelerate C: predict D: detect” 相关考题
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